1 Characteristics of the Adsorbent
The surface morphological changes of powder and carbon samples were investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The figure 2 and 3 shows the Scanning Electron Microscopy of orange peel powder and carbon made from powder. Carbon made from powder showed more porous structure than orange peel powder. Orange peel powder showed vertical vein type structure and carbon made from powder showed more porous structure with holes which gave maximum adsorption capacity than the orange peel powder.
Figure-2 Scanning Electron microscopy Figure-3 Scanning ElectroN Microscopy of orange peel powder of orange peel carbon
Table-1 and 2 represents the elemental analysis of Orange peel powder and carbon made from Orange peel powder respectively. Besides that this component is widely used to be manufactured as an adsorbent to adsorb (CO2) gas. Orange peel contain Potassium Oxide (K2O) with 1.72%, Calcium Oxide (CaO) with 1.31% and others components in the minority. Therefore, with the great amount of carbon component, carbon produced from orange peel and also orange peel itself is one of the potential adsorbent to adsorb CO2 from gas mixture.
Table-1: Elemental Analysis Table-2: Elemental Analysis of carbon made from Orange peel powder of Orange peel powder.
Sr. No Element Wt%
1 Carbon 51.53
2 Oxygen 43.95
3 Potassium 1.72
4 Calcium 1.31
5 Platinum 1.30
6 Magnesium 0.19
Sr. No Element Wt%
1 Carbon 64.26
2 Oxygen 32.49
3 Sulfur 1.55 ...
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...977 mmol / gm 12 LPH 2
5.28 cm 2.43055 mmol / gm 14 LPH 3
Table-9: Orange peels Carbon (6 g).
LMTZ (Length of Mass Transfer Zone) CO2 capture capacity (Breakthrough adsorption capacity) Gas Flow rate, LPH Sr. No.
4.5cm 2.0667 mmol /gm 10 LPH 1
3.292 cm 3.844 mmol / gm 12 LPH 2
3.7674 cm 4.485 mmol / gm 14 LPH 3
Table-10: Orange peels Carbon (7 g).
LMTZ (Length of Mass Transfer Zone) CO2 capture capacity (Breakthrough adsorption capacity) Gas Flow rate, LPH Sr. No.
3.52 cm 3.45428 mmol / gm 10 LPH 1
5.333cm 1.7 mmol / gm 12 LPH 2
5.5873 cm 5.0843 mmol / gm 14 LPH 3
Figure-7: Adsorption of Carbon dioxide on carbon made from orange peel powder (5gms) for 10, 12 and 14 LPH
Figure-8: Adsorption of CO2 gas on orange peel carbon (6gms) for 10, 12 and 14 LPH
Figure-9: Adsorption of Carbon dioxide on carbon made from orange peel powder (7g) for 10, 12 and 14 LPH
Purpose: To identify the mystery powder based on its physical and chemical properties, comparing them to the five substances and which one matches. The chemical reactions with water, universal indicator, vinegar and Iodine solution are then analyzed and matched with each other to determine the mystery powder.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas, which was first discovered in 1577 by Van Helmont who detected it in the products of both fermentation and charcoal burning. CO2 is used in solid, liquid, and gas forms in a variety of industrial processes. These include: beverage carbonation, dry ice, welding and chemicals manufacturing. It is produced by the combustion of all carbonaceous fuels and can be recovered in an abundance of ways. It is widely used today as a by-product of synthetic ammonia production, fermentation, and from flue gases by absorption process. CO2 is also a product of animal metabolism and is important in the life cycles of plants and animals. It is present in the atmosphere only in small quantities (.03% by vol.)
I predict that the amount of Carbon Dioxide will increase as the acid is more concentrated. The The idea behind this prediction is that a high concentration of acid will have more particles, so there will be more chance of collision between them. particles and therefore a faster reaction. The equipment I am going to use is listed here. Small marble chips (calcium carbonate).
Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are Carbon rich compounds, the combustion of which produces Carbon Dioxide, a pollutant and a greenhouse gas. A large amount of energy is released during this process, which is why the pollutants off products are tolerated. This process occurs constantly throughout the world, in power stations, vehicles and cooking ovens, leading to an immense volume of CO2 being released every second, 50% of which is absorbed by oceans (Oce...
The Carbonization process used to create carbon fiber is called pyrolysis, which uses nitrogen gas and heat as a catalyst to increase the vibrational energy of atoms. The pyrolysis breaks the bonds between carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms as well as the bonds between carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. As a result, the polymer structures formed during cross-links stabilization is converted into hexagonal carbon structures. Non carbon atoms such as oxygen, and nitrogen are removed as gas through the atmosphere. The final carbon content is over 90 % after carbonization and the temperature range of carbonization is from 900 to 1600 °C in an inert atmosphere. Heat treatment, optimum tension, completion of the reactions, and keep the molecular orientation of the precursor fiber are vital variables to produce a crystalline structure aligned more perfectly and improve the tensile strength of the
OC can be produced synthetically, but unlike CS gas OC is a naturally occurring substance. It is found in the oily resin of cayenne and other varieties of peppers the same peppers used to "heat up" spicy foods. Contact with OC partcles in a sprayed mist incapacitates subjects by inducing an almost immediate burning sensation of the skin, But more important, the swelling of the eyes. The most abundant and potent part of peppers and consequently pepper extracts are capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, which contribute most to the capsaicinoid concentration and pungency of the pepper. The concentration of capsaicinoids in a pepper ranges from 0.1 to 2.0% (dry weight) and this will be dependent on the particular type of pepper. Growing conditions of the peppers and time of harvest will have an effect on the capsaicinoid concentration. The components of oleoresin capsicum that cause irritation are the capsaicinoids. This group of chemicals comprises at least six compounds. Capsaicin is the major component of oleoresin capsicum responsible for the mixture’s irritant properties. Other capsaicinoids include the structural analogs to capsaicin: dihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillylnonanamide), nordihydrocapsaicin (7-methyl-Nvanillyloctamide), homocapsaicin (trans-9-methyl-N-vanillyl-7-decenamide), homodihydrocapsaicin (9-methyl-N-vanillyl decamide), and pelargonic acid vanillylamide. Along with the capsaicin solvents and propellants are also introduced into the can to provide a stable liquid aerosol. The solvents and propellants used in the manufacture of OC sprays vary from one device to another. In addition, combinations of solvents have been used in certain devices. Finally, many devices do not describe the exact solvent used or the percentage
Note: The revised version of the method (9.1.) differs in one major point from reference 9.4.: Preparation of samples and standards for analysis. It is now ...
It is made mostly of copper carbonate. It can be crushed into a green powder. If this powder is heated it changes colour. A new substance has been made. The new substance is a black powder.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key global warming gas that is proposed to have direct linkage to global climate changes [1, 2]. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing technologies for efficient capture and sequestration of large quantities of CO2. An efficient and economical capture material is needed to capture and separate the CO2 produced during various industrial processes. There are four potential sources of carbon dioxide emission; industrial processes, fossil fueled power plants, de-carbonization (production of hydrogen from carbon rich feed stock), and transportation [3]. Among the carbon dioxide emission sources, fossil fueled power plants are ranked the number one potential source. Fossil fuels provide 81 percent of the world’s commercial energy supply [4]. Consumption of fossil fuels produces nearly 30 Pg (petagram) of carbon dioxide annually. About three-fourths of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is attributed to burning of fossil fuels [5].
Several complex formulas were derived to calculate gas flow, pressure inside the porous particle, oxygen diffusion, rate of carbon consumption inside the particle, equilibrium of the homogeneous reaction, temperature variation, kinetic equation of the heterogeneous reaction, dependence of low-rate combustion, continuity, pressure during combustion, oxygen diffusion, and the temperature dependence of the rate of oxygen reaction with carbon (Gremyachkin). The major results of this study was how someone can obtain the dependence of the internal surface combustion rate by using a lower activation energy. Gremyachkin learned a more accurate way to determine the combustion rate
Next a burette and burette stand was obtained and the burette was cleaned with 5 mL of deionized water, followed by 5mL of hydrochloric acid. Then three different sample of approximately 0.2 of soda ash was measured out and placed in a flask. Next the one trial of soda ash was dissolved in 25 mL of water and 3 drops of phenolphthalein. The solution was then titrated until the color changed from pink to clear. Once the solution was clear 3 drops of bromocresol green was added and the sample was titrated until the solution turned light green. The sample was then boiled for 5 minutes or until the solution turned blue and then it was placed on an ice bath until room temperature was met. Once room temperature was met the solution was then titrated again until the solution tuned green. Finally the calculations were conducted (Lab 4: Volumetric Determination of Impure Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3),
Carbon Dioxide Removal is a blanket term to cover a variety of activities that remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The most commonly cited type of CDR is direct air capture and sequestration, or DACS. This method includes removing carbon dioxide from ambient air, separating it chemically in a process called ‘scrubbing’ and then storing it in holding facilities (Klusinske).
According to Table 1, formulation C has the highest moisture content (34.15 ± 2.67) and formulation B has the lowest moisture content (28.30 ± 2.91). Potassium carbonate is a drying agent, known to be very soluble in water and also absorbs water from the air. That is why formulation C has the highest moisture content. According to “Soda Ash: Technical and handling Guide”, soda ash loses water when heated and its solubility
...-monoxide-effects.aspx, http://www.bidmc.org/YourHealth/HealthNotes/StoriesofHope/CanCarbonMonoxidebeGoodforYou.aspx, https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/carbonmonoxide-factsheet.pdf, http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/co/, http://www.linde-gas.com/en/products_and_supply/packaged_chemicals/product_range/carbon_monoxide.html, http://greenopedia.com/article/effects-black-carbon-health-and-climate, http://esseacourses.strategies.org/module.php?module_id=170, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95021/carbon-monoxide, Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2005. Carbon Monoxide (CO). p. 1., Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. n.d. Carbon monoxide. p. 2., http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2012/08/10/12007/soot-pollution-101/, http://www.airqualitynow.eu/pollution_environmental_problems.php#parag6
Some of these substances are vinegar, baking soda (Sodium bicarbonate) and Calamansi (Citrofortunellamicrocarpabunge) in which will be used as main independent variables in this research. Vinegar is a liquid comprising of water (H20), 5-20% acetic acid (CH3COOH) and other trace chemicals ( Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D, “What Is the Chemical Composition of Vinegar,February 16, 2016.). It dissolve and loosen the crumbly hydrated iron oxide (rust) and replace it with a thin film of smooth hard oxide on the surface of the iron to help it resist further hydrated oxidation (“Why is vinegar such a good rust remover?”, Naked Science Forum ©2016). Baking soda (Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) is a salt composed of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions, and has two environmental factors which is slightly alkaline and dry which tend to deter rusting (Ted Mooney, P.E. RET, “Why does Baking Soda Blasting prevent rust?”, 2008). Calamansi (Citrofortunellamicrocarpabunge) is a very native fruit tree in the Philippines and its extract is composed of ascorbic acid, phosphorus and calcium, which is then referred as an effective rust stain remover (Meg Hayes,“What Are The Chemical Components Of Calamansi