Non-lethal weapons are popular among law-enforcement for the reasons of being able to provide a police officer detain larger and more hostile subjects without a large risk of injury to his/her self or the subject. Most common uses of non-lethal force is the application of tear gas or pepper spray. Both have extremely large incapacitating effects designed to bring down individuals and give the police officer the upper hand. Pepper spray is common in the law enforcement world, but has skyrocketed in public providing protection for individuals to carry a small can to provide protection when stuck in a scary situation. Tear gas and pepper spray as the intentions to subdue someone but there is always a time where the expectations are not met and …show more content…
a serious injury can occur. Law enforcement is strictly trained on the use of non-lethal weapons (NLW) but negligent discharge of a NLW can/will cause an injury. Typically during repeated exposures to a chemical NLW an individual will develop adverse symptoms. 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (C10H5ClN2) a cyanocarbon, is the active ingredient in tear gas commonly known as CS gas. For the use by law enforcement, CS gas is generally used as a riot control. CS was originally discovered in 1928 by two Americans by the names of Ben Corsen and Roger Stoughton, while the chemicals name (CS) derives from the first letter of both of their surnames. CS was then developed and tested in secrecy during the 1950’s to 1960’s in England, while first being tested on animals but eventually tested CS on volunteer British Army servicemen. Ever since the first discovery of CS the production method has never changed but simply improved for mass production for use within the law enforcement community. Synthesizing CS is achieved by the reaction of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrial via the Knoevenagel condesation. The reaction is catalyzed with a weak base such as Pyridine (C5H5N) or Piperidine (C5H11N). At room temperture 2-chlorobenxalmalononitrial is a solid NOT a gas, but techniques have been used to produce an aerosol for different employment of CS. Including being dissolved in an organic solvent and being dispersed as an aerosol by the use of an explosive, so when the solvent evaporates between 310 and 315 degrees Celsius CS reaches its boiling point thus distributing the incapacitating vapor that is several times heavier than air forming crystals of the CS gas in the air creating a perfect agent utilized in many countries including the USA, Britain, Israel, China, Iraq, and Vietnam. With the crystals in the air the agent to produces an extreme burning sensation, tearing of the eyes and excessive nasal discharge along with coughing and the inability for one to keep their eyes open. Depending on level of contamination severe side effects can occur. Severe blisters, or asphyxiation can occur in rare instances causing serious injury and/or death. Since the first testing and real word applications of CS the outcomes have come out successful in incapacitating hostility, and minimal serious side effects during non-repeated exposures to the agent. Many forms of CS is known today, CS, CS1, CS2, and CSX. All forms have different characteristics because of their formulation, rate of hydrolysis and dissemination. CS is found to be persistent in snow for up to 30 days while it varies in soil. CS1 was specially formed to increase the persistency and overall effectiveness. Unlike CS, CS1, is designed to be a free-flowing agent powder consisting of 95 percent crystalline CS. When CS1 settles it can re-aerosolize when disturbed creating respiratory and eye effects after the original deployment of the agent. CS2 is designed for the immediate surface contamination effects such as a burning sensation of the skin. CS2 is a siliconized, microencapsulated form of CS1. The physical characteristics is improved by this treatment by reducing agglomeration and hydrolysis. CSX is created for the use as a liquid rather than a powder. Created by mixing one gram of CS into 99 grams of trioctyl phosphite. The solubility of CS is approximant 39% by weight; and 42% in acetone. When in water the solubility is very low (2 x 10-4 M). In water CS is hydrolyzed with products of the hydrolysis being o-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile. Hydrolysis is very important in toxicology and is catalyzed different hrolytic enzymes. In result of this process the amount of CS in fluids containing water is reduced by 50% withen 14 minutes at a 7.4pH, vice being very stable in acid solutions of pH 4 or lower. The normal decomposition of CS produces C2H2, CO, N2O, CN, HCL, COCL2, and NOX. When contact between bodily fluids and CS occurs the CS begins to rapidly break down and begin to metabolize in the organism. Resulting in products less toxic then the parent compound. CS is metabolized into thiocyanate, o-chlorobenzaldehyde, o-chlorobenzyl malononitrile, and o-chlorohippuric acid. Pepper spray, or oleoresin capsicum (OC), is used by law enforcement and corrections agencies across the United States to help subdue and arrest dangerous, combative, violent, or uncooperative subjects in a wide variety of scenarios.
OC can be produced synthetically, but unlike CS gas OC is a naturally occurring substance. It is found in the oily resin of cayenne and other varieties of peppers the same peppers used to "heat up" spicy foods. Contact with OC partcles in a sprayed mist incapacitates subjects by inducing an almost immediate burning sensation of the skin, But more important, the swelling of the eyes. The most abundant and potent part of peppers and consequently pepper extracts are capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, which contribute most to the capsaicinoid concentration and pungency of the pepper. The concentration of capsaicinoids in a pepper ranges from 0.1 to 2.0% (dry weight) and this will be dependent on the particular type of pepper. Growing conditions of the peppers and time of harvest will have an effect on the capsaicinoid concentration. The components of oleoresin capsicum that cause irritation are the capsaicinoids. This group of chemicals comprises at least six compounds. Capsaicin is the major component of oleoresin capsicum responsible for the mixture’s irritant properties. Other capsaicinoids include the structural analogs to capsaicin: dihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillylnonanamide), nordihydrocapsaicin (7-methyl-Nvanillyloctamide), homocapsaicin (trans-9-methyl-N-vanillyl-7-decenamide), homodihydrocapsaicin (9-methyl-N-vanillyl decamide), and pelargonic acid vanillylamide. Along with the capsaicin solvents and propellants are also introduced into the can to provide a stable liquid aerosol. The solvents and propellants used in the manufacture of OC sprays vary from one device to another. In addition, combinations of solvents have been used in certain devices. Finally, many devices do not describe the exact solvent used or the percentage
of solvent and water in the product. This use of different solvents by the different manufacturers adds to the high variability of the composition of OC sprays. Solvents identified to date are: ethanol, sec-butanol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dlimonene, propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane, and trichloroethylene.
The Use of the TASER in the Police Force. The use of conducted energy weapons in the police force has become increasingly popular since they were introduced only a short while ago. The TASER is claimed to be the safest and most productive type of less lethal force in use today, with a very quick recovery rate and no long term side effects. The TASER has quickly taken over the harsh use of pepper spray, the brutal force of the baton and in some cases the firearm.
Most law enforcement agencies have policies that determine the use of force needed. The policies describe the escalating series of actions an officer can take to resolve a situation, first level is officer presence which means no force is used, and just the mere presence can reduce
Before more Tasers are given to officers, there needs to be more research done outlining the possible risks that CEWs pose to the human body, and any short or long term effects that may arise due to the use of CEWs on individuals. Secondly, the issuing of Tasers to more officers is not a good idea because just like anything else, Tasers can lead to an overreliance on the part of police officers to resort to the use of Tasers on individuals who do not comply with them. This, along with the absence of clear and strict guidelines that stipulate when officers are to use their Tasers on non-compliant individuals, will lead to abuse. Many police officers may decide to bypass the use of verbal commands, empty-handed strikes, and other tools at their disposal such as the ASP baton, when dealing with a violent individual, or someone who is simply not complying with their instruction.... ... middle of paper ... ...(2013, August 29).
The soda that when you guzzle it, the great flavor fills your taste buds and the bubbles of carbonation explode in your mouth leaving a savory taste in your mouth. Dr Pepper is a very popular soda, that is apart of the Pepsi family. Dr Pepper is in stores all around, and is very popular, so not knowing about it, you'll stand out, but don't worry for reading this will inform you of Dr Pepper. This paper contains writing about the history of Dr Pepper such as; when it came to the world, how it was made, who made it, how has it changed, the flavors of it, and how/what are they, the company, doing now, in 2016.
...using chemical sprays or projectiles implanted with chemicals, such as pepper spray. Officers may also use “Conducted Energy Devices, CEDS” to control an individual, these weapons are usually known as Tasers. Tasers release a high-voltage jolt of electricity from a distance. A good situation in which law enforcement officers use this guideline is when they are trying to control riots. Using less-lethal technologies officers may be able to control a large group, if they are not able to restrain them then officers will be left to use blunt impact, chemicals such as tear gas or pepper spray, or even conducted energy devices until they are able to get ahold of the situation
This includes riot shields, tear gas, and rubber bullets. If necessary, police officers have access to military weapons.
There has been a lot of controversy regarding the use of police departments using tasers. Many people think that tasers are less lethal and safer for police to use on everyone but, throughout this essay, there will be many reasons as to why tasers are unsafe and pose a threat to someone on the receiving end. Tasers have been involved in many deaths and other injuries. The main topic that will be discussed in this essay is how sometimes shooting is a taser and just stunning the person is not all that happens. There is much more to stun guns than just 5 seconds of paralysis.
There are many ethical violations that can occur when excessive force occurs some of them are unnecessary injuries or death, abuse of authority or entitlement, lack of integrity, and corruption. There are many cases in which the police must use excessive or some kind of force to control a situation and protect citizens but only a small fraction of all police encounters each year involves force (Alpert, 2010). Depending on what kind of equipment was used by the police to control the situation the injury can vary, some of the equipment that the police uses to control a situation in addition to their handgun are pepper spray, batons, or conducted energy devices (Alpert, 2010). An abuse of authority ethical violation from a police officer can be a serious nightmare for a police department because these incidents usually receive a lot of media coverage and can damage the reputation
The use of physical deadly force occurs when an officers intentionally uses a firearm or other instrument resulting in a high probability of death. The use of deadly physical force should only be used if there is imminent danger to officers or the lives others 257. Importance- In law enforcement an induvial may be faced with the choice of having to use physical force or physical deadly force. That induvial has to use his/her personal judgment, which could lead to life changing
Police brutality is a very real problem that many Americans face today. The police carry an enormous burden each day. Police work is very stressful and involves many violent and dangerous situations. In many confrontations the police are put in a position in which they may have to use force to control the situation. There are different levels of force and the situation dictates the level use most of the time. The police have very strict rules about police use force and the manner in which they use it. In this paper I will try to explain the many different reason the police cross the line, and the many different people that this type of behavior effects. There are thousands of reports each year of assaults and ill treatment against officers who use excessive force and violate the human rights of their victims. In some cases the police have injured and even killed people through the use of excessive force and brutal treatment. The use of excessive force is a criminal act and I will try and explore the many different factors involved in these situations.
Police use of force can be described as being the "amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.”(nij.gov, p.1) The stages of force police use are simple verbal and physical restraint, less lethal force and lethal force. Police officers are encouraged to use only enough force necessary to control a situation, arrest the person, or protect themselves or others from harm (p.1). When a situation begins to spiral out of control for the police officers, the next level should be used in order to gain control.
Just it isn’t a fake scene this is real life. There are six levels of force an officer can use and may have to use doing there time as an officer. The lowest level of force is presence of an officer at the scene and the officer’s body stance. This level of force is used typically whenever an officer first appears to a scene or a call. The second level of force is verbal control or commands. The verbal use of force is when an officer demands you to do something. The third level is physical control. This level involves escort holds, pain or pressure compliance. This force is brought in when a suspect tries to resist arrest or verbal commands. The fourth level is really close to the third, this is serious physical control. This really is when you use carotid control and electronic devices. The carotid control is a kind of choke hold which makes the person want to comply. The fifth level is impact and weapons. This is when you first so your willingness to use your baton by touching it or holding it out. Then possibly cause the suspect to feint so he or she can’t resist again. The last resort is deadly force. Most officer try their hardest to not have to get to this level or even be in a position to which this force is used. But deadly force is drawing your gun, pointing your gun, and, or finally firing your gun. (Police
Research Paper Rough Draft: Police Brutality Police misconduct is as rampant as ever in America, and it has become a fixture of the news cycle. Police brutality is the use of any force exceeding that reasonably necessary to accomplish a lawful police purpose. The media is inevitably drawn toward tales of conflict, hence why there are so many crime and police stories on the news. Despite the increasing frequency of misbehaving cops, many Americans still maintain a high respect for the man in uniform. Still, police misconduct is a systemic problem, not just an anecdotal one.
Police have the duty and responsibility to enforce the laws and ordinances within their jurisdiction, maintain order, and assist those within the community. Police officers protect property and lives (Duties & Responsibilities of Police Officers, 1975). In the course of duty, a police officer may use force when necessary. The International Association of Chiefs of Police has defined force as “that amount of effort required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling subject” (Police Use of Force in America 2001, 2001). The use of force is accepted as part of police work and is allowed until the force becomes excessive. Excessive force is defined as “the application of an amount and/or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject” (Police Use of Force in America 2001, 2001). The use of excessive force may become a criminal act committed by a police officer. Police use of force is divided between non-lethal and lethal force. Non-lethal force is most commonly used by police officers, but lethal force may be necessary and acceptable to the situation. Non-lethal force includes physical force such as an officer placing a hand on an individual to show a position of authority and control, stun guns, batons, and bean-bag shots. Lethal force is most commonly the use of a firearm. The amount of force necessary is unique to each situation, may change as a situation evolves, and often depends on the experience level of the officer.
According to the National Police Academy, in the past year, there have been over 7,000 reports of police misconduct; fatalities have been linked to more than 400 of these cases (Gul). Police brutality is often triggered by disrespect towards the police officer. The most noticeable form of brutality is physical, where Chemical gas, batons, tasers, and guns, can be used for physical intimidation or to actually hurt people. Police brutality can also take the form of verbal abuse or psychological intimidation. It seems reasonable to understand that sometimes the police are put into situations where excessive force may be needed. But, because some officers use these extreme actions in situations when it is not, police brutality should be addressed and looked into by both the police and the public. For instance, a police officer who beats a nonviolent protester with a baton would probably be accused of excessive use of force, under the argument that the police officer probably could have dealt with the situation less violently.