Most intriguing in Geoffrey Parker’s Global Crisis - is his discussion of Amartya Sen’s “Poverty and Famines.” Succinctly summarized, Sen argues that “famines arise more often from distribution problem[s] caused by human agency than from supply problems caused by nature.” Whether or not the relationship between ‘starvation’ and human action is accurate, the argument is embedded in the hearts of many, driving widespread perceptions of hierarchal conspiracy. But what truths are there in this conspiratorial perception of power? What action does it motivate and what inner peace does it engender? Perceptions of hierarchal conspiracy in the modern era are not entirely unfounded - especially when it comes to food supply. Currently, South Sudan in the midst of civil war, is undergoing a severe famine effecting roughly 5 million people. Arguably, the …show more content…
Sudanese crisis is the result of colonial policies set in motion by the British in the late 19th century. Establishing a hierarchical order of extraction, Britain prioritized developing the predominantly Islamic Sudan, while plundering the predominantly black South Sudan for profit. While imperialist policies in the north were brutal, the archetypical colonial practices in the south led to disproportionate economic growth. With this deplorable history in mind, it is only natural to blame the British, and the obvious hierarchical order by extension. There is no need to hypothesize a grand conspiracy of coordinated subjugation and extraction - it is borne out in the explicit evidence. However, in alternative examples, the hierarchical order that intends to starve the many in order to overfeed the few, is not obvious. In the United States, roughly 50 million Americans are food insecure, despite the US boasting high GDP/capita. While it may be expeditious to perceive of the droves of hungry citizens as a coordinated effort by a federal hierarchy, more likely, it is the result of more nebulous and unintended network outages. In The Square and The Tower, Niall Ferguson examines such outages. Detailing weak network structures, Ferguson showcases how singular nodes that possess immense degree centrality, regardless of how organically formed, engineer inequalities in the economic system. That is to say, individual people or institutions(nodes) that have established more connections(edges) than others, regardless of how these connections are amassed, maintain disproportional amounts of power(centrality) within the given system. Moreover, Ferguson's model of the economic network confirms Amartya Sen’s argument: that food insecurity is typically caused by human agency.
However, what the network diagram illuminates that Sen’s piece does not, is the varying degrees of intentionality, or lack there of, behind pervasive food insecurity in the United States. Notably, the nodes in the American network with less edges have less opportunity economically. Initially weak positions within the network commonly results in nodes becoming network isolates. What Ferguson's theory tells us - is that the economically disadvantaged are not victims of a hierarchy. Rather, the food insecure are victims of an initial lack of centrality within an unconscious network. A set of independently operating actors wielding incomplete information act in disunion, resulting in a failure to distribute food efficiently. Awareness of the lack of intentionality behind network failures, particularly when it comes to the food supply, might leave reformers frustrated at the limits of their own agency. That being, that individuals are only as powerful as their position within the
network. Similarly, it leaves the masses with no hierarchy to blame. Undoubtedly, the American food network is experiencing outages, a plethora of supply still leaves millions without food. However, an awareness of the structure that engineers this circumstance, has the ability to empower. While the acknowledgement of complex power dynamics can be disempowering - recognition of our own individual operating power can help particular nodes establish parameters with which to perceive the change they can make. In more simple terms - acknowledging that no illuminati puppets the poor, that no hierarchal conspiracy oppresses the global south - enables activists to better understand their own positionally and in turn, bring about change.
In this paper I will examine both Peter Singer’s and Onora O 'Neill 's positions on famine relief. I will argue that O’Neill’s position is more suitable than Singer’s extreme standpoint. First I will, present O’Neill’s argument. I will then present a possible counter-argument to one of my premises. Finally I will show how this counter-argument is fallacious and how O’Neill’s argument in fact goes through.
Economic inequality and injustice come in the same hand. Poor people are more likely to experience inequality and injustice. The negative assumptions of poor people are created by the media and politicians. Promoting economic justice by offering people living in poverty some form of social support. Barbara Ehrenreich found in her experiment the workforce for low-wage was difficult. Conley talks about the different types of social inequalities and how they have been unsuccessful.
Peter Singer states two principles on the effects of famine, affluence, and morality which he feels that everyone should abide by. The first argument made is that lack of food, shelter and medicine is bad and can lead to feeling pain and death. I for one, could agree on this assumption just by analyzing it carefully. We see Singer on his thesis elaborate the causes of famine within East Bengal in 1970s. As governments and individuals within the world see the massive flooding’s and mismanagement of food issuing one hopes that we all as a society could take action to help stop such suffering and act on a situation like the impaired damage that happened with East Bengal. This then leads to Singer’s second argument; is if it is in our power to
Singer, Peter. “Famine, Affluence, and Morality.” Current Issues and Enduring Questions. 8th ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet and Hugo Bedau. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008. 7-15. Print.
In the face of media campaigns and political sanctions, the question about whether we owe the global poor assistance and rectification is an appropriate one. Despite television advertisements displaying the condition of the poor and news articles explaining it, the reality is the majority of us, especially in the Western world, are far removed from the poverty that still affects a lot of lives. The debate between Thomas Pogge and Mathias Risse regarding our obligation to the poor questions the very institution we live in. Pogge created a new framework in which the debate developed. He introduced a focus on the design of the institutional global order, and the role it plays in inflicting or at least continuing the severe poverty people are exposed to. Whilst both Mathias Risse and Thomas Pogge believe that the “global order is imperfectly developed. It needs reform rather than revolutionary overthrow”, they differ on whether or not it is just and entitles the global poor to assistance. Pogge believes that the global order is unjust as it “helps to perpetuate extreme poverty, violating our negative duty not to harm others unduly”. Risse believes that the institution is only incompletely just and can be credited to improving lives of the global poor. According to him, these improvements contribute to its justifiability and negate any further obligation we have to the poor. Through assessing their debate, it seems that one’s obligation to the poor depends on one’s conception of duty, their unit of analysis, and whether improvement rectifies injustice. On balance, it seems that we do indeed owe the poor, only we may lack the means to settle it.
... aid across the world. As we have established that we do have an obligation to redistribute globally in a cosmopolitan perspective, distributing wealth however we may need to rethink what the best assistance is. Amaryta Sen conveys that before sending aid to the third world state, we would need to fully understand the limitation of freedom in the country. Redistributing wealth to global countries requires it to be evaluated by the economic shortage that they are suffering and to see whether it will be efficient in the long run. The more effective ways to contribute would be to international relief agencies or NGO’s that would pursue international development projects to help those in poverty or the alternative option by Tom Campbell’s idea of a ‘Global humanitarian levy’ which suggests a more appropriate taxation on all citizens to collectively aid those in need.
Friedman, U. (2011, July 19). What It took for the U.N to declare famine in Somalia. Retrieved
Doug O’Brien, director of public policy and research at Chicago-based Second Harvest, says “’we’ve seen a real shift in who we serve. A decade ago, there were almost always homeless, single men and chronic substance abusers. Now we have children and working families at soup kitchens’” (Koch). These families that are feeling the effects of food insecurity will not be the only ones affected by it, but all of America.
What do you think of when you hear the word “famine”? Do you think of natural disasters, of unpredictable tragedy, of innocent lives lost? Tragedy and death are inherent to the concept of starvation on a large scale, but the nature of some famines may have as much to do with politics as it does with the environment. What I expected to uncover as I began my research on the 1994-98 famine in North Korea was food shortages on a massive scale as a result of terrible growing conditions, extreme climates, unpredictable and unpreventable circumstances, for the most part. Admittedly, my knowledge of famine was limited to what I knew of the countryside of pre-communist China, where the most sustenance provided by the land the bare minimum was, and any number of external changes negatively effecting growth of or access to crops could equal devastation for entire regions. With that as my frame of reference, I was surprised by the uniquely political circumstances behind the famine in North Korea. The famine that killed 2-3 million in the 1990's was more closely tied to its independence from the southern half of the Korean peninsula it had once shared, to the fall of communism and the Soviet Union, than to any singular natural disaster. The millions that died did so as a result of their government prioritizing its independence over their survival, its budget over their sustenance. North Korea's famine was born of 1950's conflict, fueled by 1990's politics, and sustained by human error and hubris from within.
Dr. Noah Zerbe is a professor and chair of the department of politics at Humboldt State University in California and someone who has spent time in both South Africa and Zimbabwe. Dr. Zerbe goes in depth into the factors that surrounded the 2002 famine in Africa, where 14 million Africans were on the brink of starvation. The Malawi president, just a season before the famine, sold off all of Mal...
The narrator in “Famine” by Xu XI was raised by her parents A-Ba and A-Ma in Hong Kong. Her Father made her quit school after her primary school was over which was the through the sixth grade. She was then forced to take care of her aging parents till they died in their mid-nineties. Her father was abusive and very controlling over everything in her life while her mom chose to do nothing about it. She was rarely aloud out with friends or to have much fun at all she never experienced much in life. She wanted to do something she really wanted to learn, but her father said no in order to continue her education to become an English teacher she went on several hunger strikes to rebel her father wants. Food seemed herd to come by in her house particularly, they were forced vegetarians by A-Ba’s decision, they ate very little and the food was also bland. A-Ba and A-ma were not very loving parents, they expected a lot out of their
Poverty is “the inability to acquire enough money to meet basic needs including food, clothing and shelter” (Gosselin,2009). This social disadvantage limits one’s ability to receive a quality education and it is a constant problem throughout the world accompanied with“deleterious impacts on almost all aspects of family life and outcomes for children”(Ravallion,1992). Poverty is a main factor that affects normal human growth and development in a variety of ways, primarily impacting children’s early development, social behaviour, health, and self worth.
In today 's society, there is 1 in 7 people living in poverty which is costing Canadian citizens’ money as they are paying for taxes. There are many standpoints in which people examine the ways poverty affect society such as Marx’s conflict theory. Marx’s conflict theory goes over how social stratification being inevitable and how there is a class consciousness within people in the working class. Another way that poverty is scrutinized is by feminization. Feminization is the theory that will be explored throughout this essay. Poverty will be analyzed in this essay to determine the significance of poverty on the society and the implications that are produced.
Every morning when I wake up the first thought in my mind is usually: FOOD! I often lie in bed for a few extra minutes, planning out what I am going to eat for breakfast. Seldom as I go through this routine do I stop to think about those who are less fortunate than me. I often take for granted that everyone wakes up and eats breakfast. But this is far from true, not everyone shares the luxuries that we have in the United States. Some people wake up and wonder if they will eat at all that day, let alone eat breakfast. Why? Because food, like many other things, is unequally distributed throughout the world.
Over one billion people are living in poverty, lacking safe water, housing, food, and the ability to read. There is a high concentration of communities in poverty in Africa; particularly Central Africa. States that are considered in Central Africa are the following: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central Republic of Africa, Chad, Equatorial Guinea and the Congo. The majority of these Central African states’ economies are dependent on agriculture. As a result of this dependency, natural disasters, droughts and wars can displace subsistence farmer from their land resulting in poverty becoming even more prevalent and harder to come back from. Also with a history of dependency on farming there tends to be the trend of education not being a primary focus for the youth which is another factor into the stagnant poverty trend in Central Africa.