Placental Ruminants and Herbivorous Marsupials of Australia
The marsupial animal species that have evolved on the isolated continent of Australia are unique compared to the rest of the animal kingdom in many ways due to the harsh and distinctive environment found on the continent. The major area of marsupial biology that distinguishes them from all other eutherian mammals is their mode of reproduction. However, it can be said that there are many other areas in which unique differences can be seen between marsupials and eutherian mammals; one such area of adaptation is in the anatomy and physiology of digestion, which distinguishes them from many other similar animals worldwide.
The foregut fermenters, such as kangaroos and wallabies, evolved in regions of poor forage quality to be able to extract the most nutrients out of the poorest feeds. Fermentation in the foregut has many advantages over hindgut fermentation, which is seen in marsupials such as the koalas and wombats. The anatomy and physiology of the digestive tracts of both types of fermenters, however, are uniquely suited to their individual modes of nutrition.
It can be suggested that the foregut fermenters of the marsupials are very similar to the eutherian ruminants, as both types of adaptations are designed to increase fiber digestibility and increase nutrient absorption. However, there are many major differences between the two groups. Ruminants have developed a four-chambered stomach system, which is not seen in the marsupials, as well as a rumination cycle which allows for the rechewing of previously ingested meals. While regurgitation may be evident in marsupials, it is, however, not analogous to rumination, and is instead called “merycism.”...
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The main similarity between minks and humans in the digestive system is that they both serv...
de A, Moura A, Lee P. "Wild Capuchins Show Male-biased Feeding Tool Use." International Journal of Primatolgy 31.3 (2010): 457-470. Academic Search Premier. 25 April 2014. .
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In conclusion, Brutus’ mistakes and flaws are overshadowed by his honorable intentions and genuine motives. In a society littered with dishonorable, deceitful people like Antony, Brutus, with his sense of honor and integrity, contrast them all. Brutus’ greatest weakness is his tendency to believe people who script words to purposely lie or misguide him. Due to his actions, he ends up dying an honorable death of a self-suicide. Having genuine compassion and sympathy towards others is not a bad thing. However, decisions should not be so heavily influenced by the opinions of others. The significance of planning things out before doing them is clearly illustrated, as it is a way to foresee possible complications or problems that may arise. Ironically, the conspirators’ cause is for naught as Antony becomes the tyrant that they fear Caesar would have become.
An assessment of adequate energy intake can be established by evaluating body condition. Deficient diets result in weight loss in the horse. Alternate causes of weight loss are internal parasites and disease. Excess energy intake wall cause obisity which stresses joints and reduces athletic ability. (arg.gov.sk.ca) A horse in moderate physical condition is described as “Back level. Ribs cannot be visually distinguished but can be easily felt. Fat around tailhead beginning to feel spongy. Withers appear rounded over spinous processes. Shoulders and neck blend smoothly into body.” (Henneke et al., 1981)
Throughout this tragedy Brutus exhibits many character flaws. He starts off by attempting to be too honorable for the adoring people of Rome. He tries to protect him from what Caesar could potentially become, a tyrant. “Wolf but that he sees the Romans as but sheep, he were no lion, were not the Romans hinds”(903). At this point Caesar has not shown any tyrannical ambition. He has been shown to be all for the people without the venture of self gain. “Thrice did I present a kingly crown and thrice did he refuse” (951). He was slightly ambitious, but what human is not? Another flaw we discover in Brutus is that he is an easily swayed man. The truculent and virulent Cassius is able to alter his perception on life especially about his people and the ambitious Caesar. Every move this confused man makes is justified by some flawed logic. This is augmented in his idiotic choice to underestimate Antony and allow him to live. “For Antony is but a limb of Caesar let us be sacrificers not butchers Caiu...
http://kidshealth.org/kid/cancer_center/HTBW/digestive_system.html ( I didnt copy direct quotes, however I had used the idea of the beginning in my research on the digestive system to help the reader better understand the system)
The human digestion system is very complex. It starts with the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, then ends/exits with the anus. Each step is essential to the whole system. For example, the mouth chews food and mixes it with saliva produced by the salivary glands, and then the pharynx swallows chewed food mixed with saliva, this is followed by the food traveling through the esophagus to the stomach where the food gets a bath and mixes with acids and enzymes. After the stomach, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder produce, stores, and releases bile and bicarbonates. Bile is produced in the liver and aids in digestion and absorption of fat while the gallbladder stores bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed. Following the process into the small intestine, this is where nutrients will be absorbed into the blood or lymph (most digestion occurs here). Next is the large intestine this is where water and some vitamins and minerals are absorbed. Finally, it is the end of the road, the anus. At...
Strait, David S. "The Feeding Biomechanics and Dietary Ecology of Australopithecus Africanus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 12 Dec. 2008. Web. 19 Nov. 2015. .
In order to understand the importance of the function of dietary fiber in the diet of monogastric animals, one must first understand dietary fiber. Dietary fiber is the sum of all plant derived carbohydrates that are indigestible to digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mammals. The simplest definition of dietary fiber is that it is composed of plant derived polysaccharides that are not degraded by digestive enzymes in the small intestine of monogastric animals (Urriola, 2016; Hunag et al., 2016). The variation of ingredients in overall dietary fiber including crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and the total dietary fiber content are what create the physiological affect in the diet of monogastrics’ such as the pig.
Companies merge and acquire other companies for a lot of strategic reasons with different degree of success. The success of a merger is measured by whether the value of the acquiring firm is enhanced by it. The impact of mergers and acquisitions on organization can be small and big in other cases.
Q1) Saliva has many important functions in mammals and birds and there are distinct differences in the salivary glands of some species. Describe the anatomical location of the buccal salivary glands in ruminants and describe the function of saliva in the ruminant digestive system. [15 marks]
In the world today, many mergers and acquisitions are happening as a result of financial losses, gaining an advantage on a competitor, increasing capabilities, and strengthening services by diversifying the products. There are numerous other reasons, but this paper will focus on the reasons indicated above.
According to statistics reported by ABC News, nearly 30 percent of students are either bullies or victims of bullying, and 160,000 kids stay home from school every day because of fear of bullying. Bullying is when a person is picked on over and over again by an individual or group with more power, either in terms of physical or social standing (Young). For example, bullying can be physical: punching, beating, kicking, or punching; verbal: teasing,calling names, or insulting another person with physical harm, or spreading rumors or untrue statements about another person; rational: refusing to talk to someone or making them feel left out. Unfortunately, bullying is something that most kids will experience in their lives, whether it is because they are a bully, they are the victim of a bully or they witness bullying in some form. The effects of bullying are long-lasting and devastating in so many ways. As a result of bullying, kids and teens are suffering from depression, low self esteem, and suicide/suicidal thoughts everyday.
Sikes, Roberts. and William L. Gannon. "Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the Use of Wild Mammals in Research." Journal of Mammalogy 92.1 (Feb. 2011): 235-253. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 5 Oct. 2011.