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What are the effects of the Second World War on the status of women
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Gender roles after world war two
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In one section of “Men and Women’s Studies: Premises, Perils, and Promise,” Michael Kimmel discusses how men have helped women to gain equal rights within the educational system (Kimmel, 26). He explains that as pro-feminists, men who made efforts to understand feminism and support women, as well as implement equal rights for women, realized the importance of women’s education (Kimmel, 26). According to his essay, many American men, as well as women, helped to create an educational system for women, which was seen as a “revolt” against inequality and the subordination of women (Kimmel, 26-27). Kimmel argues that pro-feminists tried to provide an opportunity for every woman to study; one such example is Henry Durant, an American pro-feminism activist, who established Wellesley College for …show more content…
women (Kimmel, 26-27). Kimmel insists in his essay that the high education of women is one of the best ways to fight against the prioritization of men in order to achieve equal rights (Kimmel, 27). I also strongly believe that women’s education was essential and was the key to attain equality for women. Women should be regarded as the same as men. To be seen equally, to be educated, and to stand on their own two feet was necessary. As a student who attended a girls’ school from elementary until junior high, I learned about women’s education as well as how my school was established. I think providing an opportunity for women consisted of a lot of hard work. The school I attended, which is affiliated with Japan Women’s University, was opened in 1901.
This was about three decades after the Shogunate government, which was a reign that was responsible for protectionists, had collapsed. A lot of Japanese people were embarrassed by the huge change but soon rose up to create a “strong” country like European nations. My school’s founder, Jinzo Naruse, was one of the people who rose up. Naruse, as a pioneer, thought that women’s education was important in order for Japan to become a powerful nation. Women are the people who raise up their children, some of whom might become the future leaders of the country. Therefore, he decided to create the education system to have educated mothers. Before Naruse established the first women’s educational system in Japan, he visited the United States, a country with a strong women’s education system he wished to model. As I read Kimmel’s article, I felt the United States was truly developed in women’s education because many feminist supporters had already started their movement even before 1900s. I now understood why Naruse went abroad to the United States to learn about its women’s educational
system. The girls-only school I attended taught us that as individuals and human beings, not as women, we should study hard in order to be the people who change the world. Regardless of gender, to speak up against a wrong decision is necessary; however, without education, we cannot determine what is right and what is wrong. Education is essential because it helps not only individuals but also society. It is easy to follow leaders; on the other hand, it is extremely difficult to be the one who starts a new movement. This is not only because inventing new concepts is grinding toil, but also implementing change is challenging if many people have resolute ideas. Because of factors such as these, it was tough for pro-feminists to work active for women’s equality. I can understand why women gathered and worked for their rights because they were the people who suffered. However, it was unusual for men, those who were not suffering, to go “Against the Tide”- the title of Kimmel’s work- and join the group of women who were pursuing freedom from men’s restraint. It was likely challenging for the supporters not simply because they were fighting for someone else’s cause, but also because they broke the cultural norm of the time. There are not a lot of people who work for women’s right, still now. Because I was in all-girls school, when I imagine the word ‘feminists’, a group of girls and women shows up in my mind. After I read the reading, however, I realized that this was a stereotype. Those who helped women to get education broke the stereotype of women. Through education, the idea that “women just follow men’s decisions” was revised. I was impressed by the braveness of supportive men, who helped women to save themselves from their hopeless lives. Since they broke women free from their suffering, I think male activists should be honored as a symbol of the pro-feminists as well as the feminists. The founder of my school established school for women. However, I feel it is important for girls to be educated with boys. When I had a discussion class for the first time in high school, a co-ed American high school, I realied that boys often have different opinion from girls toward a topic. For the first experience to hear boys’ voices, I felt it was interesting to know the different perspectives. To learn a variety ways of thinking leads us to think broadly and avoid stereotypes. Education enables us to think deeply, analyze, and advance our ideas. Because a lot of brave men tried hard to establish schools, we now have the education for women. Since women have been educated, we are able to discuss with men, while standing on the same level. The first step of change needed courage. Now after going “Against the Tide”, women are able to be brave and spread the movement even further.
In Susan Faludi’s “The Naked Citadel”, she analyzes the homosocial nature of men as she tries to discover the causes behind sexism and to find out “why men who oppose women’s progress are so angry” (Faludi, 72). The main subject of her reading is the all boys college named the Citadel and its vehement opposition to admitting a female into its ranks. The boys become aggressive and angry about the thought of an independent and unique woman becoming a part of their student body. The thought of it threatens the gendering society established within the Citadel where the boys rely on each other to establish their own gender identities. Gender identities rely a lot upon the shaky foundation of the social dominance of one sex over the other. In today’s
This source was written by a woman who showed the struggles of feminism throughout the years. She also showed that in these feminism woman movements, men, mostly in higher education, also participate in the movement. This source is appropriate to
Today, women and men have equal rights, however, not long ago men believed women were lower than them. During the late eighteenth century, men expected women to stay at home and raise children. Women were given very few opportunities to expand their education past high school because colleges and universities would not accept females. This was a loss for women everywhere because it took away positions of power for them. It was even frowned upon if a woman showed interest in medicine or law because that was a man’s place, not a woman’s, just like it was a man’s duty to vote and not a woman’s.
Gerry Garibaldi, a high school teacher and Michael Kimmel, a professor of sociology both explain how the consequences of the feminism movement are harming boys in school and later in life. Kimmel and Garibaldi present their views on the gender education problems in their articles “How The Schools Shortchange Boys” and “A War Against Boys”. Both make passionate arguments and prove that boys are at a disadvantage in modern feminized classrooms. Kimmel’s arguments about the problems boys face in the American educational system are more convincing than Garibaldi’s, because his style of argumentation is more objective, supported by more statistics, and provides unbiased restatement of opposing views.
After centuries of exclusion from the rest of society’s tasks, women decided to voice their opinions about their rights. In the early 19th century, the United States decided to reform the educational institutions, seeking to raise their standards. However, male students were the sole beneficiaries of this reform; women were not admitted into universities. Emma Hart Willard, one of the most prominent voices for women’s education, ran Middlebury Female Academy: an institution where geometry, philosophy, and other topics were taught. She proposed to establish her school to New York and have it publically funded, but New York refused; she built her school there anyway. Two years later she founded Troy Female Seminary. Emma Willard’s courage provided opportunities for other women’s rights activists. Although there was an influx of revolutionary women, many women were excluded. African American and other minorities were not included in the fight for women’s rights. Emma Willard had many reservations about the institution of slavery. Like the Antebellum period, there was a sense of improvement, but still a repetition of
Education did not form part of the life of women before the Revolutionary War and therefore, considered irrelevant. Women’s education did not extend beyond that of what they learned from their mothers growing up. This was especially true for underprivileged women who had only acquired skills pertaining to domesticity unlike elite white women during that time that in addition to having acquired domestic skills they learned to read a result becoming literate. However, once the Revolutionary War ended women as well as men recognized the great need for women to obtain a greater education. Nonetheless, their views in regards to this subject differed greatly in that while some women including men believed the sole purpose of educating women was in order to better fulfil their roles and duties as wives and mothers others believed the purpose of education for women was for them “to move beyond the household field.” The essays of Benjamin Rush and Judith Sargent Murray provide two different points of view with respects to the necessity for women to be well educated in post-revolutionary America.
Education for women in America was previously an issue that women were fighting for and finally succeeded in being granted rights to go to school. Before women started fighting for this right, a Republican thought it would be fit that women be educated because this was a necessity for the future of the Republican Party to grow positively in America. Benjamin Rush, the Republican speaking on behalf of women education, was worried about the kind of leaders there would be to choose from without women able to educate their sons. In Hyman Kuritz’s document, “Benjamin Rush: His Theory of Republican Education” you can explicitly see that there is a divide among the people in America and that education could be the solution to this divide. By comparing
In the 1930s education for women differed from a man’s education whether it was a color woman’s to whites. For colored women it was very difficult to even be in a school since many of
Gloria Steinem, a renowned feminist activist and co-founder of the women’s rights publication Ms. Magazine, gives a commencement speech at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, on May 31, 1970. Steinem’s speech “Living The Revolution” is delivered to the graduating class of Vassar College, founded in 1865 as a liberal arts college for women and then became coeducational a year before the speech was delivered in 1969. The intent of this speech is to inform the listeners and to shed light on the fact that women are not treated equally to their white male counterparts, though society has been convinced otherwise and to argue that it is crucial for all minorities, and even white males, to be relieved of their “stereotypical” duties in order for balance to exist. Steinem executes her speech’s purpose by dividing it up into four parts to explain the four different “myths” put against women while using a few rhetorical strategies and logical, ethical, and emotional appeals.
...over the centuries, gender inequalities have changed, from being focused on public inequality such as getting women into both in education and the workplace, as well as giving females voting rights to being focused on the diversity and variety in women’s lives in today’s society as described by third wave feminists from the 1980s onwards, focussing on the women who were previously overlooked by other feminist schools. Earlier feminist schools have been criticised for ignoring the ‘other’ which subsequently led to the development of other schools of feminism such as black feminists, (Smith, 2013). Subsequently, in order to achieve equality for all ‘types’ of females; white, black, working-class, middle-class, heterosexual and homosexual; there will need to be a development of new schools of feminism in order to explain the experiences that each of these groups live.
In the early 20th century, many women went to college and worked professionally, but the mid-20th century myth of the middle-class suburban housewife downplayed the importance of women's education. Feminists knew that girls and women must be encouraged to seek an education, and not just "something to fall back on," if they were to become, and be seen as, fully equal. In her article, "The Long Way Home," Myrna Kostash discusses her experiences as a feminist in university. "It was 1963 and there was none of us who did not believe we would be different from the brigades of women in the suburbs. We were students. We would be clever, and we would travel, and we would have adventures." (Kostash, The Long Way Home, 167.) University provided the perfect place for like-minded women to meet, extend their influence and advocate for change. "Although university women continued to be the support base of the women's liberation groups, it was not unusual when their meetings included young working women, high school students, middle-aged housewives, single mothers, women from old left groups" (Kostash, The Long Way Home, 170.) Yet, although women were more educated then they had been in the past, the only socially acceptable role for them was to get married and have children. The second wave of feminism sought to change this perception and fought to give women opportunities on par with men including wage equality, maternity benefits, and the right
The right for women to be educated has been long sought after. The history of women education started the beginning of feminism. Education, over the last two hundred years, has changed women lives in America according to Barbara M. Solomon. In the early years of American history women were discouraged from getting a higher education it would be considered unnatural for women to be educated, and women were only taught domestic skills such as sewing, cooking and child-rearing. American women began to seek opportunities for further education, as well as equal rights. The history of women’s education has evolved through events that have shaped the culture of America today. To better understand the women’s education movement, it is important to know the background of its history.
In the 1960s the civil rights movement inspired a new women’s movement, and women began to speak out for fair treatment at school and in the work place. Before these movement girls were warned about math classes being too difficult and were told that a college or a graduate degree was a waste of time. Boys were encouraged to study math and science to ready them for careers. Girls were supposed to be good in English and prepare to become wives and mothers. (Blumenthal 1) Past Generations that grew up with the development of education would now wonder why the genders would want to be separate when once they fought to be together.
The first all female schools began in the early 1800’s. These academies favored more traditional gender roles, women being the home makers and the men being the bread winners. The first generation of educated women was the result of single-sex colleges in 1873. Wendy Kaminer, an investigative journalist, states that “single-sex education was not exactly a choice; it was a cultural mandate at a time when sexual segregation was considered only natural” (1). Women of this time were technically not allowed to attend school with males. Feminists of this time worked hard to integrate the school system and by the early 1900’s, single sex classrooms were a thing of the past. In 1910, twenty-seven percent of colleges were for men only, fifteen percent were for women only and the remainders were coed. Today, women outnumber men among college graduates (Kaminer 1). After all the hard work of early feminists, there are thousands of people today who advocate bringing back the single sex classroom.
Minas, A. (2000). Gender basics: Feminist perspective on women and men.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.