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Why was war a important factor in the development of penicillin
Essays on penicillin
Essays on penicillin
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The widely used antibiotic medicine, Penicillin, was discovered all because of an accident that was made. When Alexander Fleming(a scottish physician) came back to his laboratory from a long vacation, found what would soon save millions of lives world wide. In an article written by Jesse Lane, it says that Fleming looked at a plate that was full of bacteria. But he also saw this yellow green mold, so he experimented and found that the ring was bacteria free, and that the mold was a rare spore called Penicillium notatum. In history penicillin is one of the earliest discovered widely used antibiotic agents. Penicillin became a medicine not by Alexander Fleming but by Dr. Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. Penicillin then went on to save many lives in perfect time during the war.
Alexander Fleming said that sometimes one finds something that one was not looking for, and he was absolutely right. He himself found one of the most widely used medicines ever, all because of a sloppy mistake. So when he discovered penicillin and told the world many scientists began studying and
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When Alexander Fleming published his experiments with penicillin, the Australian doctor set a goal to make this for mass medical use. So Florey and a scientist named Norman Heatley came to the U.S came with a small amount of penicillin to try and figure out how to grow in mass quantities. In an article written by Mary Bellis, it states that air was pumped deep into vats containing corn steep liquor, and other ingredients made penicillin grow larger amounts and faster. And in only 3 months they had succeeded in producing mass amounts of penicillin and fast. In 1943, multiple clinical trials were performed and penicillin was the most effective antibacterial agent to date. All, thanks to Florey, Heatley, and many other working in the lab, penicillin would begin to be used
For example Percy Spencer discovered how to help you cook your dinner in five minutes by only a few errors. From the text, "How a Melted Bar of Chocolate Changed Our Kitchen," Spencer was standing near the Magnetron-which was a machine that generated microwaves- he noticed that his bar of chocolate has melted, where he had a moment of realization. Later that day he had asked for popcorn kernels, then he put them near the heat. This is how Spencer had discovered the microwave. Even though, he had discovered it, it took more than 20 years for the microwave to be introduced to the public. Another point from the article it said “Without mistakes, no discoveries can be made." This means that without that chocolate melting incident the microwave could not have been
The Factor of War in the Development of Penicillin The discovery, development and subsequent use of penicillin can be considered to be one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history. There were many factors, which were involved in the development of penicillin, and it could be argued that war was the most important, but other factors were also responsible. Alexander Fleming was working in London as a bacteriologist in 1928 when he noticed that a growth of a mould called penicillin produced a substance that actually killed the germs he was working on. He realised that this might be very important and a year later he wrote an article about his findings. However, Fleming did not have the facilities or the support to develop and test his idea that penicillin could fight infection, and he didn't develop it further.
Penicillin, derived from the mold Penicillium, is the first antibiotic to successfully treat bacterial infections on humans. It was accidentally discovered by scientist, Alexander Fleming. While Fleming was growing Staphylococcus, a serious and often deadly infection, in a dish, he noticed the bacteria had stopped growing after a mold found its way
People may say that mistakes just hold scientists back and provide obstacles. John Denker says, “scientists worked to avoid mistakes.” He says that scientists did not just make one mistake that led to a big discovery, but they invented their products little by little, trying to make it perfect. Mistakes may hold you back sometimes,
It is also interesting to know just how many medical breakthroughs came about by accident. It allows people to realize that, although it should be handled with the utmost care, cut of the edge research is not always cut and dry. This book teaches that it takes true intellect to take what seems like a failure or an accident and instead of abandoning it, reflecting on what has truly happened. Students as well as current researchers should read, study, and take inspiration from this book. It has a lot to teach other than simply the surface of the history of the discoveries it
Years later other scientists were also intrigued by the possibilities of penicillin and produced enough penicillin to prove that it was a useable antibiotic. The scientists from Great Britain were developing all of this during World War II, and unfortunately funding for their drug was unavailable due to the war. They decided to bring their concepts to the United States, and once enough was made, it was eventually used, to treat wounded soldiers during World War I.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was discovered accidentally by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. Sir Fleming was growing bacteria on agar plates and accidentally left one of the plates open. A mould started growing on this. Fleming noticed that no bacteria grew
18). Even though those diseases were not his goal to cure it still made penicillin revolutionary for the time being. Fleming now knew how to make penicillin and started to mass produce it. In the 1930s during the upgrading process of penicillin Fleming himself was cured of severe conjunctivitis. Then in the 1940s the fully developed penicillin was created. The creation of penicillin cured a wide variety of diseases, which led to the world excelling in growth, and penicillin improved the way of medicine at the time. The variety of diseases cured by penicillin made it a must have antibiotic. Penicillin was used to cure multiple diseases including syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, gangrene, pneumonia, diphtheria, and scarlet fever ( Common Antibiotics ). All the diseases have one thing in common, they all have the ability to spread, some faster than others. When a disease is discovered people tried to make a cure. When penicillin was made diseases that were thought to never have a cure were cured. People began to demand that penicillin be sold in local pharmacies. Penicillin was released to help people with the variety of diseases curable by
"The success of penicillin lead to the company's initial public offering in June 1942. In 1950, Terramycin (oxytetracycline), a broad-spectrum antibiotic represented the result of the company's first discovery program and became the first pharmaceutical sold i...
Alexander Fleming started the history of antibiotics in the 1920's with his discovery of penicillin.When penicillin was first discovered and used widely, it was touted as a wonder drug, and consequently was used as one.Though not necessarily harmful to the patient penicillin was used for much more infections than it was able to combat.Today the same practice is observed in the medical profession, however at this point it is due more to the detriment of an uneducated public.Studies have been carried out that show the huge over usage of antibiotics.In the seventies Soyka et al, concluded, "60% of physicians surveyed gave antibiotics for the treatment of the common cold."[3], and by common knowledge the common cold is a virus, something that cannot be treated by an antibiotic.Nyquist
by Dr. Alexander Fleming. As test continued, Fleming began to realize that he was on the verge of a great discovery. However, he still did not know the identity of the fungus, and had little knowledge of fungi. His crude extracts could be diluted 1,000 times and still be effective in killing bacteria. After years of working on penicillin and going nowhere, many of his co-workers grew tired of hearing about it. The first real test for penicillin came when a 48-year-old police officer nicked himself shaving. After a time, Alexander's face became infected and he developed a temperature. When he was rushed to the hospital, the doctors believed that he had only hours to live. Then Dr Fleming and his crew started to treat this patient. This was the first person that penicillin was used on. After five days, he was getting better. Unfortunately, because it was in such short supply, it had to be extracted from his urine, and the penicillin had been used up. The police officer died five days later. Their next attempt was successful. It involved a punctured eye. The stone was still in the eye, and normally the eye would have been amputated, but penicillin allowed the man to make a full recovery. By this time, it was now 1941, it was now acknowledged that penicillin was indeed a worthwhile drug and could save thousands of lives.
Discovery and Development of Penicillin. (2014, April 4). Retrieved from American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html
Alexander Fleming was the first to discover a bacteria-destroying mould called penicillin in 1928 (The discovery and development of Penicillin 1928-1945, American chemical society and the royal society of chemistry 1999). Penicillin works by killing bacteria cells, but leaving human cells untouched. This is because it is able to differentiate which cells are bacteria as many bacteria cells have cell walls whereas human cells do not. Bacteria cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan, this forms a strong and protective barrier around the bacteria to stop foreign objects and particles from entering, however during cell division penicillin is able to latch onto the peptidoglycan and disrupts the process which prevents the bacteria from completing cell division; this creates pressure between the inside of the bacteria and the surrounding liquid, which in effect causes the cell to
The discovery of antibiotics is attributed to Alexander Fleming who discovered the first antibiotic to be commercially used (Penicillin) in approximately 1928. An antibiotic, also known as an antimicrobial, is a medication that is taken in order to either destroy or slow the growth rate of bacteria. Antibiotics are integral to the success of many medical practises, such as; surgical procedures, organ transplants, the treatment of cancer and the treatment of the critically ill. (Ramanan Laxminarayan, 2013)