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The ethics of gene therapy: balancing the risks
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Debate gene therapy
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Michael Crichton in “Patenting Life”and John E. Calfee in “Decoding The Use Of Gene Patents” discuss Gene Patent. Although the authors agree that the test for cancer is too expensive, the authors have different views about how much each patient should pay for medical expenses and who should get the better treatment by the cancer they have. Gene patents is very dangerous, but also very expensive to care for unfortunately. Test for breast cancer now costs $3,000 “Crichton”(441). Now because of it costing so much, they have had six lawsuits by 2008 “Calfee” (445). Gene patent is owned by Myriad in Salt Lake City, Utah. That being said, they're the only ones to care for this type of cancer and also the reason why it costs so much. New York Hospital
They also have the purpose of making families less stressed during the period of time when they have a member of their family who has cancer. The overall purpose of the company is to Research cures and help towards cancer.
Ian Lancaster Fleming, author, journalist, naval intelligence officer, you name it he did it. He was most commonly known not for his work as an intelligence officer but for his series of books about James bond also a British spy. Ian had many different jobs before he finally settled on writing. His stories about James bond were a reflection of the way he lived his life and his job as a British naval intelligence officer.
The first case of Cananvan disease was described in 1931 by Myrtelle Canavan who was one of the first female pathologists. In 1987 a family with two children with Canavan disease sent tissue samples to Reuben Matalon who was a researcher looking for the gene. With those samples he was able to identify the gene 1993. He was able to make a test to help at risk couples that might have a child with the disease. The test was free but in 1997 the Miami Children’s Hospital, which was Dr. Matalon’s employer, patented the gene and claimed everything received from testing. This resulted in the Canavan Foundation withdrawing their testing. The Canavan Foundation later sued the Hospital and the lawsuit was resolved in a sealed out of court session. This case raised the issue of how suitable it is to patent genes.
Lehman, Bruce. 2003. “The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System”. International Intellectual Property Institute. Pages 1-14.
...al Cancer Institute." National Cancer Institute - Comprehensive Cancer Information. Web. 19 Oct. 2009. .
FDA, so many people were harmed. Even other countries versions of the FDA approved it which
Henrietta Lacks was a poor black women who was misdiagnosed with cervical cancer but died because of adenocarcinoma, which is a cancerous type of tumor that can be found in various parts of the body. Unlike other cells, Henrietta's cells had unique quality of surviving for a long amount of period. This unique quality led to the invention of HeLa cell line. This cell line helped diagnose many diseases that did not have a cure. However, there is an ethical concern with this case. The ethical concern is this case is whether it is ethical for corporations to patent and profit from the development or sale of human genetic material. In this case, I believe it is unethical for corporations to profit from the development or sale of human genetic material
The Great Lawsuit Throughout the centuries, there have been many groups pursuing equal rights for themselves. These groups feel that they are excluded from privileges others possess and are subject to injustices that others are not. These groups feel they deserve better and that their presence in the world is unequal to others’. In the United States, a large percentage of women started to feel they warranted equal rights to men. Margaret Fuller was among the supporters of the movement and published a ground-breaking article called “The Great Lawsuit.”
In September 14, 1990, an operation, which is called gene therapy, was performed successfully at the National Institutes of Health in the United States. The operation was only a temporary success because many problems have emerged since then. Gene therapy is a remedy that introduces genes to target cells and replaces defective genes in order to cure the diseases which cannot be cured by traditional medicines. Although gene therapy gives someone who is born with a genetic disease or who suffers cancer a permanent chance of being cured, it is high-risk and sometimes unethical because the failure rate is extremely high and issues like how “good” and “bad” uses of gene therapy can be distinguished still haven’t been answered satisfactorily.
Due to the human genome project and other genetic research, tests for mutation which cause diseases have been developed. The list of these illnesses include several types of cancer. Doctors have estimated that as many as 3,000 diseases are due to mutations in the genome. These diseases include several types of colon cancer in which three different genetic tests have been already developed. Debates have arisen on whether these tests should be used regularly or not. Questions including the patients= rights of privacy and the possibility of loss of health or life insurance have been argued over in both the media and political arena.
...Restricted After Gene Therapy Death. The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from http://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/health/052500hth-gene-therapy.html?scp=9&sq=FDA%20jesse%20gelsinger&st=cse
The American Cancer Society publishes current advances made in cancer research on their website. Many of the exciting discoveries about how best to treat the disease focus on the genetic aspects associated with certain types of cancer. In addition, treatments aimed at genetic solutions to cancer may be more effective and may cause fewer adverse side effects than traditional cancer treatments (American Can...
It is patients’ right to opt for genetic testing on their own DNA, although they are accepting a great risk by doing so. DNA is unique to each individual, present in each individual since conception, and influences who each individual is, so the information contained within it belongs to each patient, despite the risks. Such risks include DNA testing services providing results to potential employers or insurers, who can make decisions at the disadvantage of the patients if high disease probabilities are discovered. The results can also cause patients to react emotionally poorly and make negative changes to their lifestyles. Although risky, patients deserve the rights to take these risks if they choose to do so.
"Each contact with a human being is so rare, so precious, one should preserve it."(Anais Nin). This means that every person one comes in contact with has an influence on his life. One should never forget the people who go out of their way to be nice to them.
People are hesitant about genetic research for several reasons; most of them centered around the invasion of their privacy and the negative effects it could have on their lives were the information to be displayed publically. There’s also the sticky question of ownership when it comes to genetic material; does it belong to the patient being tested, or the scientists who discovers what’s being tested in the first place? Although steps have been taken via the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act to prevent a patient’s information from being accessed without their permission, there is still no law that will allow someone to put a patent on genetic material within a human body. (“21st-Century Genetics.” The New Genetics, 2010) Looking at a commonly known example, the Black Death, also known as bubonic plague, remains to be one of the worst cases of human casualty due to illness. The people of the 14th Century had very little knowledge of the inner workings of the human body and therefore chalked ...