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Two types of action research
The two major purposes of Action Research
The importance of action research
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Methodology
Action Research According to Bassey (as cited in Koshy, 2005), action research is basically an examination that is used for interpretation, assessment and bringing changes accordingly to enhance educational practice. According to Reason & Bradbury (as cited in Koshy, 2005), action research focuses on bringing real results and also helps in generating new forms of understanding, in the absence of understanding action is sightless and useless (Koshy, 2005). The results gathered by action research approach are implemented directly with the purpose of bringing change (Somekh, 1995). Participatory action research and practical action research are the two types of action research used for solving the problems. Participatory action research (PAR) is the bottom up evaluation approach that comprises of defining the problem, generating the questions, collecting and analyzing the data and then preparing recommendations (McGarvey, 2007). Practical action research is focused on a particular problem that is clear and specific. It is used by teams or individuals to improve practice in shorter time (Manfra, 2009). Koshy (2005) suggest the following attributes of action research.
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A problem or issue is identified and explained by means of documentation, comparative analyses and surveying techniques such as interviews, questionnaires and observations (Moroni, 2011). The second phase is planning. An action plan is detailed for one or more interventions in conformity with the research to be carried. The action phase consists of the understanding of the interventions. The assessment phase gathered the feedback using qualitative or quantitative approach depending on the issue during this period. The last phase of action research is critical reflection and communication of learning. This phase helps in the understanding of actions, determining the results and sharing of the experiences (Moroni,
In response to the question set, I will go into detail of the study, consisting of the background, main hypotheses, as well the aims, procedure and results gathered from the study; explaining the four research methods chosen to investigate, furthering into the three methods actually tested.
Based on the preceding ontological and epistemological assumptions a researcher then makes methodological assumptions. Having decided on exactly what is to be studied the researcher then decides how the research can best be managed thus formulating a plan of action. Considerations include whether the research used should be primary or secondary. Whether one will test an existing hypothesis or whether one will construct a theory after having collated evidence. Finally one can draw conclusions as to which strategy to implement with the ultimate goal of producing the type of knowledge that is required. This then results in the type of method or methods of research to be used.
There are two types of research that can be conducted in research studies, these are qualitative and quantitative (Newman, 2011). Qualitative research is a process that uses detailed oriented methodology that tries to achieve a profound knowledge or understanding of specific incident and circumstance, wh...
In EDU671 the researcher begins selecting data tools to help identify the issue within the organization. Using both qualitative and quantitative data will help find and measure the area of focus. After analyzing the data received, consequently it was determined the organization had a major communication gap between leadership and employees. The qualitative data were used as a formative assessment to gather information on employee communication skills. Once the information was received the quantitative data served as the summative assessment to focus on the implementation of new communication strategies. After receiving both qualitative and quantitative data collection, the researcher can now focus on whether or not the data collected will help answer the research questions in the research action plan. Below is a list of the research questions?
I am deeply committed to social activism; the words of Desmond Tutu inform my actions every day: “If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor.” At Phillips Academy, I am active in Women’s Forum, BOSS Magazine, and GSA.These activities give me the opportunity to speak out on issues such as race, feminism, LGBTQ+ rights, and intersectionality, but as much I value discussion, I would like to move beyond mere conversation; I want to do something. I want my life and my work to make a difference in the world.
The definition of civil disobedience is a form of protest in which protesters deliberately violate the law (Suber, 1999). Civil disobedience can be shown in many different ways and is also used for many different reasons. Civil disobedience can be caused by democracy, used for murder excuses, government hacking, deportation and equal rights. Some say there is no way to justify civil disobedience while others think it is necessary in some cases. People choose civil disobedience because they feel it's the best way to get the attention they need for their cause. These people see it as the practical way to go about fighting for their cause without actually using violence. While some people who act upon civil disobedience do turn to violence, that doesn't mean that want to, they just think it's their only option.
The father of quantitative analysis, Rene Descartes, thought that in order to know and understand something, you have to measure it (Kover, 2008). Quantitative research has two main types of sampling used, probabilistic and purposive. Probabilistic sampling is when there is equal chance of anyone within the studied population to be included. Purposive sampling is used when some benchmarks are used to replace the discrepancy among errors. The primary collection of data is from tests or standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and closed-ended observational protocols. The secondary means for data collection includes official documents. In this study, the data is analyzed to test one or more expressed hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential analyses are the two types of data analysis used and advance from descriptive to inferential. The next step in the process is data interpretation, and the goal is to give meaning to the results in regards to the hypothesis the theory was derived from. Data interpretation techniques used are generalization, theory-driven, and interpretation of theory (Gelo, Braakmann, Benetka, 2008). The discussion should bring together findings and put them into context of the framework, guiding the study (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). The discussion should include an interpretation of the results; descriptions of themes, trends, and relationships; meanings of the results, and the limitations of the study. In the conclusion, one wants to end the study by providing a synopsis and final comments. It should include a summary of findings, recommendations, and future research (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). Deductive reasoning is used in studies...
Step 4: select key finding and organize them categorically to enable for adequate analyzing and setting of priorities for effective management. Step 5: Set your priorities and structure out an action plan to accommodate the problems identified and implement accordingly. Step 6: share your finding with the community members through printed media, community meetings and health education ensuring that key stakeholders are present. APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT TO THE CURRENT JOB Assessment is an important duty of every nurse, either working in the clinical setting, home based care or public health institutes. It is the first and important step in the nursing process.
Rittel, H.W.J. and M.M. Webber (1973) also stated that every solution to a wicked problem is a "one-shot operation”, because there is no opportunity to learn by trial-and-error. Every attempt counts significantly, many people's lives will be irreversibly influenced and large amounts of money will be spent in implementing the solution. Subsequently, every attempt to reverse a decision or to correct the undesired consequences poses another set of wicked problems, which are in turn subject to the same dilemmas. Evaluation methodology such as participatory action research (Whyte, 1991) would be beneficial in immediately impacting the actors, program or policies while evaluating them at the same
Action researcher works in the hurly burly of her/his own practice. Monitoring closely, this practice as they act within it, demands space and time which, almost by definition, the practice does not give easily. It is therefore difficult to maintain rigor in data gathering and critique.
Before action research, the traditional research was the main method of research conduct by schools. Traditional research finds are often generalizations about a concern or problem. This type of research is similar to the scientific method. First, one must identify the problem. Second-ly, form a question, then perform the research. Third, predict response to the question such as a hypothesis. Next, perform some experiment in which the data is examined to verify if the data supports our hypothesis. Afterward, a comprehensive written report is made based on the obser-vations and provides a resolution of the problem.
A succinct definition of action research appears in the workshop materials we use at the Institute for the Study of Inquiry in Education. That definition states that action research
...s over an extended period of time (Smith and Davis, 2010); (4) phenomenological research, involves understanding the lived experiences by studying a small number of subjects through extensive and prolonged engagement to develop pattern and relationships of meaning; (5) narrative research, in which the researcher studies the lives of individuals through stories about their lives (Creswell, 2009); and (6) participatory action research, in which the goal of the researcher is to evaluate and understand the impact of some social program on the community (Smith and Davis, 2010).
The Importance and Appropriateness of Utilizing Different Methodologies for Research. Introduction The process of research entails the logical as well as systematic search for useful data and information with regard to a specific topic (Jha, 2008). It is also comprised of the investigation of the best, most cost effective and appropriate solutions to both social and scientific issues, following an objective and logical analysis. Jha, (2008) defines research as the search for knowledge and the discovery of the truth. During this process, the data can be gathered from a wide pool of sources among them interviews, books, nature among others.The data can then be analyzed with the appropriate data analysis tools, so as to report the findings
As a child, disobedience becomes an important part of our learning experience. We are frequently reminded of what is good and what is bad. We learn to continue doing what is accepted, and change what is frowned upon. In The Individual in the Chains of Illusion, Fromm tells why disobedience should be accepted rather than obedience. He believes obedience will be the cause of the human race ending. But how could being obedient ruin our society?