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Review of literature on parenting styles
Review of literature on parenting styles
Introduction to psychology parenting styles
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Parenting & Socioeconomical Status (Tichina) When it comes to taking care of a family, the environment plays a huge factor in the children’s life (Reyes, 2007). Their environment shapes their character, social groups and perception of reality. Youth from low SES areas are more susceptible to poor behaviours, such as, drug use or dealing, delinquent behaviours, risky sexual activities or earlier pregnancies (Voisin et al, 2016). The incomes of the parents do not play a huge factor in determining parenting styles (Anton, Jones & Youngstrom, 2015; Chang et al, 2006), but it does play a factor in determining their socioeconomic status. In recent studies, there is a lack of evidence stating that parents of high SES parent in a certain way and parents …show more content…
With their living conditions, they are more exposed to unsafe conditions compared to middle-income Caucasian families and as a result, the parent(s) must resort to a parenting style that demonstrates more control over their children. Parents who follow the authoritarian parenting style demonstrate high control in their children and show low warmth. Compared to this style of parenting, Anton, Jones and Youngstrom found that African-American mothers tend to show high control over their children, but a medium or high level of warmth. That style is called ‘no-nonsense parenting’, and found that the African-American children are more independent, assertive, and have a higher level of cognitive and social competence (Anton, Jones &Youngstrom, 2015). In opposing findings, it suggests that African-Americans and Latinos demonstrate less warmth towards their children compared to Caucasian families, but they are not considering the conditions in which they live in (Henninger & Gross, 2016). Research proposes that the higher level of control may acts as a ‘protective role’ to ensure the safety of their children in their environment. The parenting styles of low socioeconomic status families are slightly frowned upon because they do not follow the typical parenting styles of the middle-class income families (Zilberstein,
In Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life, Annette Lareau discusses the extensive amount of research she conducted employing observational and interview techniques. She collected data on the middle class, working class, and poor families. She was trying to understand the impact of a child’s early parental guidance on the child’s life. She was able to conduct this research with 12 families, all of whom had fourth graders. She gathered enough information to conclude the major differences in the parenting styles of each type of family, which was directly correlated to socioeconomic status.
The book Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life published in 2003, takes a close look into the lives of different families in the United States and how they are affected by race and social class and how their family lives differ. The Author, Annette Lareau, discusses how social class affects the parenting styles and how these parenting styles are affecting the children. Although Lareau’s book could use a few changes, it is well written and it is a good read to help better understand how social class and parenting styles can affect the lives of different children on a personal level. In
After reading “Invisible Inequality: Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families,” by Annette Lareau, it was evident that she collected much data from her study of different types of families. In this study, with the help of other sociologists, Lareau went into the lives of both black and white middle class and working class/ poor families. In her study she observed the behavior of children at home, school, and in the public eye. She observed the parenting methods the adults chose to use and the child’s reaction to them. Lareau and her team were able to see what influences certain factors such as income, race, family size, home location, schooling, and career choices had on each family and their children.
...oming to an understanding of the daily struggles of every person, who attempts to raise a child in the American society. Inferring from the book, the extent to which the scholar discusses race as a key influence of childhood inequality is not as extended as that of social class. This is clear evidence that the Lareau dwells much on social class as the principal and prevalent theme in the American society towards parenting and child bearing (4). Indeed, at some point, Lareau reports that while race produces childhood inequality, most outcomes for children, from interactions to education, largely depends with social stratification (4). Therefore, she discusses that social class is more influential in relation to race.
In this specific article, the authors had several questions about the way Mexican Americans went about their parenting. Mostly, they aimed to find a connection of how cultural values and neighborhood dangers impacted parenting. Past research discovered that it was quite hard to fit Mexican American parents’ parenting into the four parenting styles, because they were influenced by so many different factors. The four main types of parenting styles discussed were authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful. The participants were biological Mexican/Mexican American families of 5th grade students who lived in the same household in Southwestern United States.
Being raised in America is difficult because there isn't much common ground between the way African children are raised versus how American children are raised. We struggle with meeting high expectations set by our parents. For example, Igbo parents academically challenge their children to receive straight A’s. Anything lower than an A is unsatisfactory to them. However, in an American home children are praised
In society black women are no longer represented as the nurturing, protective, loving, and caring mother, no...
African-American parents and grandparents play a pivotal role in the socialization of children as they help
For this study, researchers looked at samples that were obtained from another study called the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study, which looked at a variety of families from twenty large US cities (Taylor, Manganello, Lee, Rice, 2010). In order for this study to work the researchers held two separate interviews. The first interview occurred at age three. During this time, the mothers that were being interviewed were asked to indicate their ages, ethnicity, education level, household income, religion, and their marital status. They were also asked to indicate how often they had spanked their child for misbehaving. When being asked questions about their child, the researchers chose to use a checklist that would allow the mothers to provide them with information about their child's behavior. The checklist used was a checklist known as the Child Behavior Checklist which asked various questions that ranged from how easily frustrated the child got, how demanding the child was, and how aggressive the child was towards other people and animals (Taylor et al., 2010).
Letourneau, Nicole Lyn, Duffett-Leger, Linda, Levac, Leah, Watson, Barry, Young-Morris, Catherine (2013). Socioeconomic Status and Child Development: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Behavioral and Emotional Disorders. Volume 3, pages 211-224.
As results show it is more common that African American mothers spank their children in comparison to white women (Huang & Lee, 2008). Younger mothers under the age of 25 would spank children as compared to mother over the age of 25. Parents who were spanked will more likely use this style of discipline than those who weren’t, and also parents that are from the South and those of Christian faith, seem to use this style of discipline (Berlin, Ispa, Fine, Malone, Brooks-Gunn, Brady-Smith, Bai, 2009). Also it was more common for boys to be spanked before a girl. There also was a correlation with mothers who were in good health and had a good relationship with the fathers were less likely to spank children.
Every year, thousands of families welcome a new baby into their home. New parents today only want what is best for their children. The upcoming years are spent watching Disney movies, going to parks, taking vacations, and taking countless photographs of the new infant. As the child grows older, parents begin to develop their own style of parenting. Almost all those children brought into the world get to experience what it is to have a loving family, but for a small percentage, life is not so easy. While every parent’s intentions are the same, the parenting style they develop can have a great impact on their child. Parents with a more controlling parenting style often raise children with less confidence in themselves, a fear to express their opinions, and slight social abnormalities, while parents with a more relaxed parenting style tend to encourage the development of these traits and encourage their child to express themselves. Studies have identified three major parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative.
In today’s society many grow up in a single parent household and it may effect some different than other’s. For instance you can look at the percentage of race and how it affects each. For one can look at a black family and see the effects it has on them. Black families are in the high percentage range of growing up in a single parent home. The outcome has little effect on than that of a white family. Not all black families are single parent homes, but the ones that are may be due to parent killed, in prison, or just do not know who their father’s. To compare to a white family growing up in a single parent house can have a higher effect. White families may experience being in a single parent household due to parents getting divorced or death.
Essentially, this paper will discuss how being in a one parent or two parent household affects black children. It will talk about why it is such a big problem in the African American community. It will have a variety of ways children can be raised. It will go into very deep detail of how the children feel. Facts that tell what percent of black households only have one parent and two parents will also be talked about. Solutions as to solve this problem will be discussed in depth.
Not basing it off ethnicity, but “only 12 percent of black families below the poverty line have both parents present” (Andersen). Most children have grown up without their father either straight from birth or getting a divorce. The majority of black children, which is “54% is being raised by single mothers” (Andersen). Kids that is not raised by their fathers can either have an emotional or positive effect. Some may have both because they can be sad, depressed, or lonely because the child may feel they have no one to talk to for help. The positive effect is when many responsibilities come in whether you are a female or a