A mixture of pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin C limits the diffusion of vitamin C through the dialysis tubing. Tryptophan limits the diffusion of vitamin C even more than the mixture of pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin C. Unexpectedly, the combination of all three substances (tryptophan, pantothenic acid, and vitamin C - vitamin A) did not show as significant a change in the diffusion of vitamin C as the Tryptophan alone. The cause for this could be that the vitamins and amino acids started to react with each other rather than trying to block the vitamin C from diffusing. This occurrence is a topic for more research. It was thought that by adding together vitamin K and tryptophan, highly polar and non-polar substances, the …show more content…
This unexpected result is the result of the sodium atom separating from the citrate, and the citrate is attracted to the vitamin C making it larger and thus much more difficult to escape. This connection would be powerful enough to cause the vitamin C to stay in the body for much longer than it would normally do so, the body more time to break down the vitamin C and use it. Though this reaction is not what was originally expected from the results in the experiment, it did changes the perspective of the research. Further study could give a glimpse into more of why this happens, and if the created substance that is with vitamin C is useable by the …show more content…
One example is the idea that vitamin C’s diffusion through the body may be slowed down when Tryptophan is added. This could mean that a pill or vitamin packet could be created containing vitamin C, Tryptophan, and other beneficial amino acids for people to use. As Linus Pauling believed, vitamin C has a number of positive effects on the human body, for example how it is known to help with muscle repair. An increase in bioavailability could assist athletes such as body builders or runners with muscle repair and therefore increase their performance. The supplement of these amino acids might be able to be used by people who are injured; the vitamin C and amino acids could help the body restore damaged tissue faster and with less scarring. With the finding of sodium citrate and vitamin C’s chemical bond, the potential skyrockets. Vitamin C could be added to sodium citrate, a common and perhaps more healthy salt replacement (Modernist Pantry, nd). Assuming that vitamin C boosts the immune system, the sodium citrate mixture could be used as a healthier option in food production to provide an inexpensive and effective way of increasing the health of citizens around the world. The increased absorption of vitamin C has a lot of potential to help those in need. The known benefits of vitamin C warrant further study and experimentation but the unknown possibilities, such as helping prevent cancer as Linus Pauling
In life, it is critical to understand what substances can permeate the cell membrane. This is important because the substances that are able to permeate the cell membrane can be necessary for the cell to function. Likewise, it is important to have a semi-permeable membrane in the cell due to the fact that it can help guard against harmful items that want to enter the cell. In addition, it is critical to understand how water moves through the cell through osmosis because if solute concentration is unregulated, net osmosis can occur outside or inside the cell, causing issues such as plasmolysis and cytolysis. The plasma membrane of a cell can be modeled various ways, but dialysis tubing is especially helpful to model what substances will diffuse or be transported out of a cell membrane. The experiment seeks to expose what substances would be permeable to the cell membrane through the use of dialysis tubing, starch, glucose, salt, and various solute indicators. However, before analyzing which of the solutes (starch, glucose, and salt) is likely to pass through the membrane, it is critical to understand how the dialysis tubing compares to the cell membrane.
The reaction performed in this experiment was bromination of an alkene, using trans-Cinnamic acid, Pyridinium Tribromide, and Glacial Acetic Acid.
The weight of the final product was 0.979 grams. A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid (m-Toluic acid), is converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate. The chlorosulfite intermediate reacts with a HCL. This yields an acid chloride (m-Toluyl chloride). Then diethylamine reacts with the acid chloride and this yields N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide.
Abstract: Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone that is used to stimulate growth and fasten the germination of plants. When Gibberellic acid used on plants, it produces bigger and fuller leaves following by elongating the stems. This experiment was designed to determine the effect that Gibberellic acid will have on the growth of a seed germination. As performed in class, three types of radish seed were treated with Gibberellic acid to see the effects the acid will have on those three seeds. During the treatment plan, the three seeds received a different amount of acid and water five times a week. For instance, Seed A got approximately 2.5ML of Gibberellin acid, seed B got 5.0ML, and seed C got 10ML, following by seed A getting 17.5ML of water, seed B getting 15.0ML, and seed C obtaining 10ML of water. However, based on this treatment plan, seed A and B showed no growth. While, the seed that consumed more acid, which was Seed C showed rapid growth. In this case, the only possible explanation for this surprising result could be that the Seeds
The citric acid cycle is an amphibolic pathway. It utilises both anabolic and catabolic reactions; the first reaction of the cycle, in which oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound) condenses with acetate (a two carbon compound) to form citrate (a six carbon compound) is typically anabolic. The production of the isomeric isocitrate is simply intramolecular rearrangement. The subsequent two reactions are typically catabolic, producing succinate (a four carbon compound), which is then oxidised, forming fumarate (a four carbon compound). Water addition produces malate and then oxidised for regeneration of oxaloacetate. Thus the cycle can be seen to exhibit both anabolic and catabolic processes to form its intermediates.
Food science has led to find cures for diseases such as scurvy. Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, characterized by swollen bleeding gums and the opening of previously healed wounds, which particularly affected poorly nourished sailors until the end of the 18th century. This disease was very common among sailors because in the 18th century they didn’t have refrigerators, so their diets lacked perishable foods while sailing the sea. Today, if you come across this problem you can just eat a vitamin C tablet. This is just one of the many examples food science has promoted a balanced diet by the study of nutrients in our food.
In this experiment, TLC, IR, and melting point ranges were observed and used to estimate the purity of a solid, which was benzocaine. The percent recovery of the benzocaine was 23.5 %, which indicates how much of the benzocaine component was in the mixture. The percent recovery of the benzoic acid was 44%. Based on the percent recovery of each sample, the amount of original sample that was lost in the extraction and work-up was 32.5 %.
When one hears the three words: vitamins, nutrients, and minerals, they think of one thing-being healthy and noticing what your intake is daily. Nutrition is all about vitamins and nutrients. Firstly, vitamins are an organic compound required by the body in small amounts of metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth of children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous systems chemicals, and genetic material. There are 13 well-identified vitamins. Some examples of the 13 well-identified vitamins are: A, D, E, and K-fat contained foods, B, C-consumed immediately. A well known and commonly used in commercials for orange juice vitamin is vitamin C. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is important in the synthesis and maintenance of connective tissues. The lack of vitamin C will result in a sickness called scurvy. Scurvy harms the gums, mucous membranes, and the skin. Another well-known vitamin and is also used to commercial to give more information about this beverage is the vitamin in milk. The vitamin in milk is vitamin D. If you do not drink milk and obtain this vitamin, your bones and teeth will become soft and weak. Lacking one or more of the 13 well-identified vitamins will cause sickness and weakness to your body. Secondly, nutrients are how the body assimilates certain compounds. Nutrients are classified in 5 major groups: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. One of the five nutrients is carbohydrate. The carbohydrate group principally consists of sugar, starch, dextrin, cellulose, and glycogen. In more basic terms, carbohydrates are sugars needed by human and other living organisms. Some types of foods that contain carbohydrates would be candies, ice cream, fruit juice, soda, chocolate bars etc. Lastly, vitamins are connected to minerals. Minerals are also a very important part of a healthy person. There are 11 major groups of minerals. They are: calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, potassium, selenium, and zinc. All these terms look very familiar if one has taken chemistry. These are the elements of our world. One of the more common minerals that most people have heard of is calcium. Calcium also helps with the structure and strength of teeth and bones. Vitamins and minerals work together to help humans maintain a healthy body. For example, vitamin D works with calcium to help for and maintain the strength of teeth and bones.
A well-balanced diet contains all the necessary vitamins, and most individuals who follow such a diet can correct any previous vitamin deficiencies. However, persons who are on special diets, who are suffering from intestinal disorders that prevent normal absorption of nutrients, or who are pregnant or lactating may need particular vitamin supplements to bolster their metabolism. Beyond such real needs, vitamin supplements are also often popularly believed to offer "cures" for many diseases, from colds to cancer; but in fact the body quickly eliminates most of these preparations without absorbing them. In addition, the fat-soluble vitamins can block the effect of other vitamins and even cause severe poisoning when taken in excess.
Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid is needed for growth and maintenance of healthy tissues, especially skin, blood vessels, bones, gums, teeth. Vitamin C aids in resistance against infection and healing of wounds. It also helps the body absorb iron from food. Vitamin C can be found in green vegetables, potatoes, tomatoes and citrus fruits such as oranges and lemon. A lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy, iron deficiency and poor wound healing. A healthy diet should include a high amount of vitamin C because the human body cannot produce its own vitamin C.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area with a high concentration to an area that is less concentrated (Houtman, A., et .al.,2015). However, osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves across a semi-permeable membrane. Understanding enzymatic activity is important when analysing the breakdown of sucrose. Enzymes are important when it comes to the function of cells. Enzymes are protein molecules that have the ability to speed up chemical reactions (Houtman, A., et.al., 2015). Invertase is an enzyme that breaks down sucrose into fructose and glucose (WOU Biology, 2018). When the large sucrose molecule is broken down into fructose and glucose, they become small enough to move through semi-permeable membranes. My hypothesis is if we put invertase in a solution with sucrose, it will catabolize it, and the glucose will diffuse across the membrane so we should get less of a rise in the osmometer. I predict that the solution that has more of a rise in the osmometer will be the one with just sucrose, the green solution.
These wastes are derived from the liquid and food that the individual had consumed. In cases of compromised kidney function, the kidneys are no longer able to remove or filter wastes in the normal way. This means that wastes are left to accumulate in the bloodstream. When this scenario takes hold, it can negatively impact the patient 's electrolytes, therefore, positive action has to be taken to optimize the situation. When patients follow a renal diet it can help to slow down the advancement of total kidney failure, and ameliorate kidney function. Along with chloride and potassium, sodium represents one of the body 's main three electrolytes. The latter manipulate the fluids with enter and leave the body’s cells and tissues. Therefore, patients with renal disease must monitor their intake of electrolytes. Keeping a daily food dairy is essential (Nephcure), and will be of great benefit to the dietitian who can pinpoint certain details.
The kidneys are a bean-shaped organ in the human body and they have different functions and are of vital importance for it. The kidneys are the pair of organs, which are able to regulate the reabsorption of ions such as potassium, sodium and calcium, which are fundamental substances for the cell. Furthermore, they are involved in the reabsorption of nutrients in the bloodstream and they can regulate the acidity of the blood. Besides the regulation of the fluids and ions, the kidneys are also responsible for the regulation of many different hormones that are involved in homeostasis and metabolism. Because of their importance in the regulation of substances in the body, when the kidneys stop working properly all the body is influenced by that creating disequilibrium in the maintenance of homeostasi...
These vitamins are fat soluble, which means they can only be absorbed with the help of fat.
Vitamins & Minerals: calcium carbonate, Vitamin A Palmitate, Reduced Iron, niacinamide, vitamin b1, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Thiamine Hydrochloride and Riboflavin. Niacin is a water-soluble B vitamin also known as vitamin B3. Niacin helps your body use fat, protein, and carbohydrates from foods to make energy. Reduced iron meaning that iron is added in the ferrous form, which is very reactive and easily absorbed. Thiamin Mononitrate is important in the breakdown of carbohydrates from foods into products needed by the body. Thiamine is used to treat or prevent vitamin B1 deficiency. Riboflavin is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. Folic Acid is a form of a water-soluble B vitamin. Folate occurs naturally in food, and folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin. Water. Vegetable oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant. Soybean Oil, vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean. It is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils. As a drying oil, processed soybean oil is also used as a base for printing inks and oil paints. Palm Oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp of the fruit of the oil palms.Eggs. Leavening is a substance causing expansion of doughs and batters by the release of gases within such mixtures, producing baked products with porous structure. Baking soda, Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO₃. It is a salt composed of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions. Sodium Aluminum Phosphate is used as acids for baking powders for the chemical leavening of baked goods. Upon heating, SAlP