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Questions about citric acid cycle
Quizlet The citric acid cycle
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The citric acid cycle is an amphibolic pathway. It utilises both anabolic and catabolic reactions; the first reaction of the cycle, in which oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound) condenses with acetate (a two carbon compound) to form citrate (a six carbon compound) is typically anabolic. The production of the isomeric isocitrate is simply intramolecular rearrangement. The subsequent two reactions are typically catabolic, producing succinate (a four carbon compound), which is then oxidised, forming fumarate (a four carbon compound). Water addition produces malate and then oxidised for regeneration of oxaloacetate. Thus the cycle can be seen to exhibit both anabolic and catabolic processes to form its intermediates. An essential dissimilarity
Compress the safety bulb, hold it firmly against the end of the pipette. Then release the bulb and allow it to draw the liquid into the pipette.
The reaction performed in this experiment was bromination of an alkene, using trans-Cinnamic acid, Pyridinium Tribromide, and Glacial Acetic Acid.
Friedel-Crafts Acylation is a chemical reaction, and it is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution is a type of reaction that uses electrophile for aromatic ring from their substitution of one group of atoms. In other words, they can transfer acyl group to an aromatic ring. Friedel-Crafts has an acyl group that is attached to the structure that has aromatic ring. Acylation is used to give ketones. Carbonyl group makes electron to move back or move away in Friedel-Crafts Acylation, so it has not produced multiple acylations. Moreover, Lewis acid and acid anhydride are usually used in Friedel-Crafts Acylation. For example, the Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Benzene has a mechanism that the acyl halide reacts with the lewis acid, and
Abstract: Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone that is used to stimulate growth and fasten the germination of plants. When Gibberellic acid used on plants, it produces bigger and fuller leaves following by elongating the stems. This experiment was designed to determine the effect that Gibberellic acid will have on the growth of a seed germination. As performed in class, three types of radish seed were treated with Gibberellic acid to see the effects the acid will have on those three seeds. During the treatment plan, the three seeds received a different amount of acid and water five times a week. For instance, Seed A got approximately 2.5ML of Gibberellin acid, seed B got 5.0ML, and seed C got 10ML, following by seed A getting 17.5ML of water, seed B getting 15.0ML, and seed C obtaining 10ML of water. However, based on this treatment plan, seed A and B showed no growth. While, the seed that consumed more acid, which was Seed C showed rapid growth. In this case, the only possible explanation for this surprising result could be that the Seeds
The fifth experiment of the semester entails a synthesis reaction geared towards analyzing the structure of a product. The starting material is isopentyl alcohol. When reacted with acetic acid with sulfuric acid as a solvent, isopentyl alcohol produces isopentyl acetate, which is the goal product, as shown in the reaction below:
The experiment we did was Copper Cycle. We reverted the copper to its elemental form after a chain of reactions. We performed a series of reactions, starting with copper metal and nitric acid to form copper (ii) nitrate. Then we reacted copper with sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and zinc to form precipitates. In conclusion our percent recovery was 40.38%.
Through the completion of this experiment, the dynamics of stoichiometry are demonstrated by preforming a chemical reaction in a solution. This procedure will ultimately show how limiting reactants are factored into a reaction by using a varying amount of reactants involved. To better understand this concept, it is vital to define stoichiometry; stoichiometry is a way of documenting the amounts of products and reactants involved through a series of coefficients that describes the ration in which the reactants will fuse together and the products form. In this particular lab, the following formula will be used to preform the necessary calculations:
Ocean acidification is caused by an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is also sometimes called “climate changes evil twin.” The process and how ocean acidification is formed and made is because one fourth of co2 is released by burning oil, gas, and coal doesn’t stay in the air but dissolved into the ocean salt water. This process has the effect of the PH level dropping.
The Citric Acid cycle also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the Electron transport chain are the second and third stages and they both use oxygen making them aerobic processes. During the Krebs cycle Pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are made into another type of molecule called Acetyl-CoA in a process known
Enzymes are proteins that consist of a long chain of different amino acids that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. (Bbc, 2016) Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to activate molecules to undergo a chemical reaction, so lowering the activation energy enhances the chemical reaction, allowing it to occur faster and more often. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016) Chemical reactions happen within cells, with molecules called substrates. (Live Science, 2016) Two molecules must collide at the same time, with the right orientation and sufficient energy in order for the chemical reaction to occur. (Rsc, 2016) Once together the enzyme and substrates bind at the active site and the chemical reaction
Write the equation for the dissolution of sodium carbonate in water as found in your laboratory guide.
Oxidation of a Secondary Alcohol with Chromic Acid in Diethyl Ether to Produce a Ketone Compound
Biology is the study of life of living organisms, divided into specialized fields that cover the differences in them. In my collage I included a quick, easy and understandable diagram of the Cell Cycle. The Cell Cycle is a major part of biology in my standpoint since almost all of the human anatomy is made from cells. I covered the 4 phases of mitosis, which include: Prophase,Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. I will tell a little about each. Prophase is the first phase to mitosis. This is when the nucleolus disappears and the chromatids condense together. During the Metaphase the chromatids attach to the spindle fibers, in which they meet in the middle of the cell. The next stage is Anaphase, during this stage the chromosomes move away from
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The oxidizing agent is NAD+ because it accepts electrons and NADH is the reducing agent because it is able to give up electrons. In the reverse reaction, NADH is oxidized to form NAD+, so NADH is still the reducing agent and NAD+ is the oxidizing agent. Oxidation and reduction must go together because, for example, when a substance loses electrons, there must be another substance that is able to accept those electrons.
Acidity number or acid value is defined as the mass of sodium hydroxide expressed in milligram used to neutralize one gram of acidic substance. This measurement is very important in order to understand the substance’s long term stability and corrosiveness in order to compare the quality of the oil. Fats are converted into fatty acid and glycerol during rancidification and increasing acidity of the sample. More sodium hydroxide is needed to neutralize the acid, and hence acidity number increases. (Peter.J.W, 2007) Therefore, the smaller the acidity number, the higher the quality of the oil. Free fatty acids concentration affects oil recovery and it determines the grade and price of the oil. Rancidification lowers nutritional value