Oxygen
Oxygen is the most abundant element on the earth. It makes up 23 percent of air,
89 percent of water, and about 46 percent of crustal rock It also comprises 60 percent of
the human body. Oxygen is an essential element for survival. Without it, we would not be
here today. In this report, you will learn how oxygen, in its many forms, is very important.
Oxygen was first discovered in 1774 by the British chemist Joseph Priestley, when
he decomposed mercury II oxide into its elements by heating it. Karl Wilhelm Scheel, a
Swedish chemist, discovered it when he heated manganese dioxide with concentrated
sulfuric acid.. French chemist, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, proved it was an elemental gas,
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Johnston announced the discovery of two isotopes of oxygen, with mass
numbers of 17 and 18.
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, located in group VIa of the periodic
table. It is slightly denser than air. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and
slightly soluble in water. Oxygen also supports combustion, but does not burn. Its atomic
number is 8. Its atomic mass is 15.9994. Oxygen melts at -218.4 C and boils at -183 C.
It contains 8 protons, electrons, and neurtons. It is also classified as a nonmetal, which
has 2 energy levels. It is also slightly magnetic and not harmful at all. Oxygen can be
condensed to a pale blue liquid, which is very magnetic. It is produced by compressing
the liquid. Oxygen used to be the official standard for the atomic weights of elements.
The chemists used natural oxygen, to which the value of 16 was assigned. In 1961,
however, carbon-12 replaced oxygen as the standard.
There are only three allotropic forms of oxygen known today. There is ordinary
oxygen, which contains two atoms per molecule. Its formula is O2. Ordinary oxygen is
relatively reactive and combines with most elements to form oxides. O2 is required for
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However, some may react rapidly if the temperature is raised.
When oxygen and certain types of molds and bacteria are present, decay can occur.
Decay is a form of oxidation. Through decay, dead plant and animal materials are
reconverted into carbon dioxide, water, and simple mineral compounds. New generations
of plants and animals now have space to live.
Through the oxygen cycle, oxygen can be used over and over again. When plants
take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, water molecules are split and oxygen is
released into the atmosphere. Oxygen is also produced commercially, by the fractional
distillation of liquid air. In this process, air is liquefied and allowed to evaporate. The
nitrogen in the liquid air is more volatile and boils off first, leaving the oxygen. Oxygen
can even be prepared in a laboratory by using salts such as potassium chlorate, barium
peroxide, and sodium peroxide. You can also decompose hydrogen peroxide to produce
oxygen. You may also prepare oxygen by the electrolysis of water. In this process, a
direct current of electricity is passed through the water. As the current flows, oxygen
oxygen out of the blood and uses it in the body's cells. The cells use
Lithium (Li), the third element on the periodic table, has a soft texture and a silver-white color. This element has an atomic number of three, and is located on the periodic table in the second period of the first group. In addition to being the first alkali metal on the periodic table, lithium is also the lightest metal; its weight is about 6.941 atomic mass units (AMU). Because it is a metal, lithium is mainly used in ionic bonds. Its common compounds include lithium hydride (LiH), lithium nitride (Li3N), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), and lithium fluoride (LiF). Lithium is the thirty-third most abundant element and makes up a very small portion of the Earth’s crust. However, due to its high reactivity, it does not naturally occur in its pure form.
This element when becoming an isotope can become radioactive due to its high activity as a metal. In its natural state it is a soft metal and it has a shiny “ wax “ like silver/white color to it, it is so soft that a knife could cut through it without a problem.
Elements are the basic building blocks of matter due to the fact that they are chemically the simplest substances. Whether we can find them in the air or in our gold/silver necklaces, elements are everywhere! One essential element is hydrogen, the first element on the period table (located under Group 1 as an alkaline metal) is composed of a single proton and electron; therefore having an atomic number and atomic mass of 1 and electron configuration of 1s1. In fact, hydrogen is the lightest, simplest and most commonly found chemical element in the universe (it makes up about 90% of the universe by weight). Interestingly enough, the heavier elements on the periodic table were either made from hydrogen or other elements that were made from hydrogen. The most common isotope formed of hydrogen is protium, with 1 proton and no neutrons. Hydrogen can also exist as both positively or negatively charged. The physical form of hydrogen at room temperature is a colorless and odorless gas. Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable and because of this chemical property, it is used as fuel for the main engine of space shuttles. Hydrogen is an important element and has received a lot of recognition throughout history for its usefulness.
Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas which with a pungent odor. It will become liquid form when under pressure (heat) and will dissolves in water very fast or easily. The primary sources of sulfur dioxide are comes mainly from some activities such as burning of fossil fuel to provide electric power, process of making steel, coal-burning and others. However, it can also be released from the natural volcanic activity or volcanic eruption to the air. This gaseous can easily pose a threat to the living things such as human, animal and plant.
Knowledge is more important now than ever in using oxygen while flying in General Aviation. New high performance unpressurized aircraft are allowing more pilots to fly in the 10,000-18,000ft altitude range. Most pilots have not received proper training in the physiological effects of flying at those altitudes or the advantages and disadvantages of different oxygen systems available. Recreational pilots are most at risk for having issues using oxygen systems due to the lack of structured training.
oxygen. Before I do this I must do a preliminary plan to see what my
A brief history of the study of the oxygen effect will give some insight into the intensity of study and the ever changing attitudes and theories surrounding it. The first acknowledged study was made by Swartz in 1912. His contribution was realized during an experiment involving a radium applicator being used upon his arm. Swartz noticed that if he pressed the applicator to his skin with increasing force, a lessened reaction occurred. His idea was that the lessened blood flow resulted in the increased resistance. After Swartz, there was Holthusen in 1921. Holthusen irradiated the eggs of Ascaris, a small intestinal roundworm and noticed that if the irradiation took place in an anoxic, or oxygen free, environment, the resistance of the eggs was increased. He hypothesized that this was due to the halting of the cell cycle in the absence of oxygen, which was not the actual cause. (Biggar & Storey, 2009) Following Holthusen’s footsteps, Petry conducted a study involving the irradiation of vegetable seeds in varying levels of oxygenation. He found a correlation between the amount of oxygen present and the degree of success of germination of the seeds. The first real study to be published in English was done by Mottram in the 1930s. Mottram studied the su...
Carbon itself is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. It can be found in the sun, the stars, comets, and the atmospheres of most planets. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to the basis of life itself. In normal combustion, the output would yield two oxygen molecules in combination with one carbon molecule to from carbon dioxide, or CO2. If not enough oxygen is present when the combustion occurs, one molecule is taken in by the carbon molecule to produce carbon monoxide (CO).
because most of the world's oxygen is found in water, oxides of metals, and as
Attention Getter: Besides oxygen, water is the most important element for anything to live on the earth. 450 billion gallons of water are used every day in the US alone. However, less than 1% of treated water is actually consumed. The rest of the 99% is used for washing machines, dishwashers, sprinklers, toilets, pools, and countless other things.
In 1970, Crutzen first showed that nitrogen oxides produced by decaying nitrous oxide from soil-borne microbes react catalytically with ozone hastening its depletion. His findings started research on "global biogeochemical cycles" as well as the effects of supersonic transport aircraft that release nitrogen oxide into the stratosphere.2 In 1974, Molina and Rowland found that human-made chlorofluorocarbons used for making foam, cleaning fluids, refrigerants, and repellents transform into ozone-depleting agents.3 Chlorofluorocarbons stay in the atmosphere for several decades due to their long tropospheric lifetimes. These compounds are carried into the stratosphere where they undergo hundreds of catalytic cycles with ozone.4 They are broken down into chlorine atoms by ultraviolet radiation.5 Chlorine acts as the catalyst for breaking down atomic oxygen and molecular ozone into two molecules of molecular oxygen.
..., shelter, material, and oxygen needed for all living things to; have cells, able to reproduce, use energy, maintain homeostasis, respond and adapt to the environment, grow and develop, have a life span, evolve over time, and are interdependence.
It is a highly reactive gas that can form compounds with many other elements. It is the third most abundant element on Earth, following hydrogen and helium. It is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust by mass. About 20.8% oxygen is present in Earth’s air. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, bones, teeth, all of these require oxygen thus life is not possible without oxygen. Above all, all ce...