Odonata
The damselfly species is part of an insect group called Odonata. Odonata consists of dragonflies, which are the suborder Anisoptera, and damselflies, which are the suborder Zygoptera. The insect group Odonata is very small, probably containing only about 5,000 living species (Corbet, 1999).
Odonata, typically called Odonates, are usually found close to bodies of water, looking for small insects to eat. Adult Odonates catch their prey while in flight, while younger Odonates, called nymphs, hunt for their prey at the bottom of the body of water they live in. Nymphs eat almost any insect small enough for them to digest (book on iCloud).
Nymphs
Nymphs live in water throughout their entire developmental stage, which can take anywhere from three weeks to more than eight years, depending on the species of the nymph and it’s location and habitat. They undergo eight to seventeen molts (Corbet, 1999), although the amount of molts undergone depends on the species. When a nymph’s developmental stage is complete, it climbs out of it’s previous home in the water, a final molt is undergone, and an adult damselfly appears (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010).
Nymphs have a set of gills along their abdomen, which are used for breathing as well as a transportation device and a way of escaping from predators in an emergency. Water is ushered into the gills, and then forcefully emitted, propelling themselves forward and farther away from their enemies (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010).
Nymphs, despite their excellent predatorily abilities, are usually hunted by fish, although occasionally they are also hunted by birds, crayfish, frogs, and each other. When their development is complete and they are finally an adult dams...
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Transferring sperm depends on the species of damselfly because the sex organs are particularly elaborate and specific to the each species. Organs in the male damselflies that allow the end of its’ abdomen to attach to the back of the females’ head correspond between each individual species, making mating between separate species nearly impossible.
Some species of damselflies lay their eggs either inside or on plant tissue, which is either above or in water. Some females climb beneath the surface of the water to position their eggs and remain there for an hour, or perhaps more. Some species submerge their abdomen in the water, so the eggs wash off, or put them on leaves close to the water’s edge. This is sometimes done while the damselfly is in flight. Other species simply allow their eggs to drop onto the surface of the water while they are flying (Corbet, 1999).
Hägglund, Å., & Sjöberg, G. (1999). Effedts of beaver dams on the fish fauna of the forest streams. Forestry Ecology and Management, 115, 259-266.
Basic Scientific Knowledge on the Topic: Before exploring further research into the topic of the goldenrod gallfly Eurosta solidaginis, the current knowledge on the research topic must be explored. The goldenrod gallfly Eurosta solidaginis is a parasite on goldenrod plants (D. Crowe, personal communication, 2013). Very small (approximately five millimeters), the adult flies are very clumsy and are very poor fliers. Adult goldenrod gallflies live for approximately two weeks, making their life all about reproduction. The adult female fly is identified by their ovipositor, which is an egg-laying tube that extends from their body (Abrahamson and Heinrich, 2000). In order to protect their larvae, the adult female flies oviposit the eggs into the stem of the goldenrod plant Solidago altissima. While the females may lay several eggs per goldenrod stem, each plant usually ends up with one surviving larva in one gall. Once born, the fly larvae hatch from their eggs and begin eating the inside of the goldenrod stem. The larvae emit a chemical in their saliva which mimics a plant hormone that causes the plant to grow a gall in which the larvae live (Abrahamson and Heinrich, 2000). The larvae stay in the gall and then make an escape tunnel in the fall which they will utilize in the spring. The gallfly larvae produce a natural anti-freeze chemical in their bodies known as glycerol which helps to keep them alive in the winter by drying out the outside body tissues and allowing it to freeze while keeping the central cells liquid. Once spring does arrive, the larvae transform into a pupa and they finally become a winged adult.
In the short story “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”, a Greek meaning of the character Connie has been presented in two ways, by her being a nymph and her breathing. Some researchers believe Connie to be a nymph from Greek mythology because the definition of a nymph follows suit with the character Connie. “In Greek mythology, nymphs were inferior divinities frequently
The F2 punnett square shows that there should not be a female fly that has apterous wing mutation. Our observed experiment showed that female flies are capable of forming in the F2 Generation. Therefore, the mutation is located on autosomal chromosomes. In trial 1, the p value is not significant. This could be due to the fact that the male to female ratio in the F1 generation was unequal. In trial 2, the p value is significant and likely due to chance. The probability error is between 1 % and 5%.
... in range then lunge and thrash their head from side to side impelling they prey on their long needle sharp teeth. They then maneuver the prey in order to swallow it head first” (Goddard). They like to surprise attack their prey and usually attack from the side. Once the Longnose gar gets the prey in its mouth, they have to get the prey so it’s parallel to their nose so they can swallow it.
When the eggs are dropped into the water, the eggs will stay whole. If we were dropping from a higher distance they would break.
1996). A study was done to examine the different parent-juvenile interactions of two different species of poeciliids: P. Monacha and P. Lucida. Individual females of the two species were place into chambers that had a mesh net to segregate it and allow juveniles to swim through and escape attack from the parent. The females were kept in these chambers as they birthed offspring and were recorded. It was found that the p. monacha females cannibalised their offspring immediately while the p. lucida females did not (Thibault 1974). The p. monacha juveniles that did escape the initial attack, swum to the bottom and through the mesh net. However, the juvenile p. lucida remained in the same section of the chamber with the female near the water
The life cycle starts as larva or caterpillar. First, the monarch lays the eggs on the milkweed plants. Next, the egg hatch into a caterpillar. The caterpillar then eats the milkweed plants until they are large enough to pupate (Emmel, 1999). Then, the caterpillar attaches a pad of silk to a stem of a milkweed plant so it can hang while it transform into a butterfly. Next, the caterpillar sheds it larval skin to reveal the chrysalis inside (Emmel, 1999). After it shed its skin, the pupa hardens and the chrysalis earns it name by glowing in the sun. As the pupa stage comes to an end, the butterfly can be seen through its pupa shell. The monarch emerges by splitting the pupa along the length of it proboscis (Emmel, 1999). First the legs emerge. Then the fluid fill body pumps its fluid into the veins of the wings while the body shrinks to normal size. Finally, the butterfly hangs from the pupa about two hours while the wings dry (Emmel, 1999).
Known for their nympholepsy of possession; and, equally known as theyoleptics, at times emerging as being chained to the spirit of wandering, a realm of unhappiness, that the possession of Pan’s spirit helps stimulate. They were residents of the caves, grottos, groves, and other isolated places; appropriately, there are dozens of caves sacred to the nymphs and Pan that still exist today. In addition, there are numerous art objects of them depicted inside caves starting in the fifth
Opercular pumping is a mechanism utilized by certain fish for gas exchange. An opercular pump is used to pump water through the gills in an almost continuous unidirectional flow (SHSU). A dual pump is used in tandem in order to drive the unidirectional flow, both a buccal cavity and opercular cavity work simultaneously. The oral valve along the buccal cavity opens, allowing an influx of water. This influx of water causes an expansion of the opercular cavity, dropping the pressure (Hall). Water then enters into the opercular cavity and flows out due to opercular cavity compression. This compression pumps water out which leaves fresh air in the buccal cavity to be brought to the lungs for respiration. Lungfish utilize a different method of
Most everyone knows how the fireflies got their name; the firefly produces light through a bioluminescence chemical reaction that allows them to glow however, fireflies in the western Untied States lack the ability to produce light. Fireflies in most cases are brown and have a soft body with two sets of wings. Male’s use the other set of wings that aide them in flying but the females have short wings in most species do not fly.
Females lay up to two-three white eggs per clutch in an year inside a tree cavity. Female macaw incubates the eggs for about 5 weeks, and the chicks start flying from the nest, about 90 days after hatching, they preen each other and their offspring for hours, cleaning bugs from their feathers. Their offspring leave their parents about an year later. Juveniles reach sexual maturity at 5 years of age.
There are nearly one million species of insects known. Insects are defined by having six legs and a body divided into three segments: head, thorax, and abdomen. Chitin is an organic material that makes up an insects exoskeleton. There are three life cycles of insects, ametabolous or incomplete and paurometabolous or gradual, and homotabolous or complete metamorphosis. These life cycles are important in the aging of insects for aiding in legal investigations, (Houck and Siegel. Entomology).
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms on the planet. They occupy most of the habitat in the world. Insects have served as a model group of organisms for tackling many biological queries. Butterflies (Class: Insecta; Order: Lepidoptera) have been used as a model for studies on ecology, development and population dynamics. Most of the species are highly seasonal and some have very restricted habitats. Butterflies are good indicators of climate and help us understand fluctuations in seasonal changes. They require specific ecological conditions for their growth and development. Monitoring butterflies helps us understand the overall diversity of a habitat as they are directly dependent on other factors such as availability of host plants and nectar plants. They also play a very significant role in
In mammals. the skin excretes sweat through sweat glands throughout the body. The sweat, helped by salt, evaporates and helps to keep the body cool when it is warm. In amphibians, the lungs are very simple, and they lack the necessary means to the exhale like other tetrapods can. The moist, scale-less skin is therefore essential in helping to rid the blood of carbon dioxide, and also allows for urea to be expelled through diffusion when