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Process of negotiation in diplomacy
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Negotiations in International Relations
Introduction
In international law, diplomatic negotiations are the primary means of peaceful settlement of disputes between states, which consists of direct discussions. In this research paper we are presenting these negotiations to reach to a fully understanding of the concept as well as its importance and the way things work in international politics.
Diplomacy is the practice of conducting negotiations between parties, more specifically between diplomats, representatives of states and it is mainly used to conduct international relations on subjects such as peace-making, trade, war, economics, culture, environment, and human rights.
Negotiations are a means of resolving initial problems through the establishment of a contract between the parties concerned, the means of reaching an agreement and finding a solution acceptable to the parties. The talks represent the most important part, they are the most efficient and most used means of solving international problems, and reaching a conclusion through treaties and agreements between States. Negotiation, in general, is regarded as a process in which actors seek to reach to an agreement from which each actor should benefit as much as possible and we should take into consideration that there agreements can be explicit or tacit. Negotiation ranges over wars, science, business and as well over diplomatic representation strategies and can also be used to defend private interests. The objective is to get the other side to accept an arrangement that suits one side to the maximum extent , while giving up the least of what one is willing to concede, each one tries to get the most and concede the least. The basics involved in negotiations between natio...
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...erilor-diplomatice/, accessed in 04.05.2014
3. Cohen, Raymond, (1991), Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy, Washington: U.S Institute of Peace
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5. Henig, R., (1995), Versailles and After: 1919–1933, London: Routledge
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7. Repgen, Konrad, (1998), “Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A survey with an examination of the Major Problems”, in Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling (eds.), 1648: War and Peace in Europe, 1998, Munster,p. 356
Lewicki, J. R., Barry, B., & Saunders, M. D. (2010). Negotiation: Readings, exercises and cases
Yalta Papers Bare Seeds of Cold War. (1955, December 30). Chicago Daily Tribune, pp. 1-2.
Lewicki, J. R., Barry, B., & Saunders, M. D. (2011). Essentials of negotiation (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. ISBN-13: 9780073530369
Lewicki, R., Saunders, D.M., Barry B., (2010) Negotiation: Readings, Exercises, and Cases. 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill Irwin. New York, NY
Negotiations are supposed to begin in a positive way in which the negotiators consider the needs and wants of the others involved and their shared interests and interdependencies.... ... middle of paper ... ... References Michael R. Carrell, C. H. (2008). Negotiating Essentials: Theory, Skills, and Practice.
Most of the common activities in our daily life present an opportunity to negotiate, whether or not we realise it. Meta-reflecting upon my negotiation experiences during the class and other activities have led me to identify few common themes. In this assignment, the two themes I will be discussing are (1) the importance of being clear on the strategic intent and big picture thinking, and (2) the importance of managing the negotiation process through understanding the various phases and visualising negotiation as a train journey.
“Treaty of Westphalia.” 1648. TS. Lillian Goldman Law Library, New Haven. The Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
M. E. McGuinness (Eds.), Words Over War: Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict (pp. 293-320). New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. (2007). Essentials of Negotiation. New York: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin.
Lewicki, R. J., Saunders, D. M., & Barry, B. (2010). Negotiation: Readings, exercises, and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin
...end the thirty years of war by the treaty of Westphalia that had brought peace for many years and had transformed states structures. It was also used by French diplomats in order to cover the deficit of French economy, diplomatic efforts were made to raise capital overseas through trade to rebuild its economy. This important function will continue to develop in Europe. Furthermore, diplomatic effort was used upon Russia in order to obtain the authorization for American ships to sail in their Black sea, and also to maintain tied relationship with them in order to promote the trade. It also was the ideal element used by Adams to free ships seized by Danish as well as by French and British.
The first paradigm of international relations is the theory of Realism. Realism is focused on ideas of self-interest and the balance of power. Realism is also divided into two categories, classical realism and neo-realism. Famous political theorist, Hans Morgenthau was a classical realist who believed that national interest was based on three elements, balance of power, military force, and self interest (Kleinberg 2010, 32). He uses four levels of analysis to evaluate the power of a state. The first is that power and influence are not always the same thing. Influence means the ability to affect the decision of those who have the power to control outcomes and power is the ability to determine outcomes. An example of influence and power would be the UN’s ability to influence the actions of states within the UN but the state itself has the power to determine how they act. Morgenthau goes on to his next level of analysis in which he explains the difference in force and power in the international realm. Force is physical violence, the use of military power but power is so much more than that. A powerful state can control the actions of another state with the threat of force but not actually need to physical force. He believed that the ability to have power over another state simply with the threat of force was likely to be the most important element in analysis the power of as state (Kleinberg 2010, 33-34).
Ott, Marvin C. "Mediation as a Method of Conflict Resolution: Two Cases." International Organization 26.04 (1972): 595-618. JSTOR. Web. 3 Dec. 2013.
Negotiation has been used as a vital communication tool not only in business but also in social intercourse. It helps people make common agreement and avoid conflict. So we need to use the tactics which we learned from this course and books to do more practice, only in this way we can gain advantages in negotiation.
Origins for the cooperation amongst powers necessary to tackle international disputes can be traced back to the 19th century, however the formation of the League of Nations was eagerly prompted by the First World War. After the horrors in which the world observed, leaders merged together and rejoiced in the potential for a new international system. The League of Nations foremost objective was to secure peace through collective efforts of ‘peace-loving’ powers (Steans, Pettiford, & Diez, 2005, p. 31). President Woodrow Wilson was a lead proponent in the creation of such a body, suggesting it- within his message on the Conditions of Peace- as a means of ‘affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike’ (Wilson, 1918). The following year a detailed scheme was presented at the Versailles Peace Conference and the league was swiftly established with the addition of a permanent secretariat in Geneva. (Catterall, 1999, p. 50). The League was very much considered the ‘most daring and innovative proposal’ (Wilkinson, 2007, p. 85)