The analysis results from Section 3.3 and 3.4 show that PBX decomposed and generated n-butanol after the oxidation, of which n-butanol is an inhibitor of hydroxyl free radicals. As the concentration of n-butanol increased, the indirect ozone oxidation reaction was inhibited, and the direct oxidation was the major pathway. Although the indirect ozone oxidation reaction occurred, it was not significant and therefore the pH did not decrease obviously.
According to the principle of charge balance, there must be equal number of cationic and anionic (H+ and K+) species in the PBX solution. Fig. 5 show that the concentration of IC was maintained at 0 mg/L during the entire oxidation process, indicating that there is no CO32- and HCO3- in this solution. The ion
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Therefore, PBX was oxidized to generate some SO42- to combine with H+. Fig. 7 shows that with increasing oxidation time, the concentration of SO42- increased, whereas the concentration of PBX decreased. After ozone oxidation of air source, the SO42- concentration increased significantly in 20 min, but 20 min later, the increase in the concentration gradually slowed and finally became constant at 80.1 mg/L at 60 min. The concentration of PBX decreased in 15 min and then became constant at 60 min. However, for the oxygen source ozone oxidation, the concentration of SO42- increased rapidly in 12 min and remained constant at 80.1 mg/L after 12 min. The concentration of PBX dropped in 12 min and then remained unchanged after 12 min. At 0 min ozone oxidation time, the concentration of SO42- was 0 mg/L. The sulfur in PBX is in the form of organic sulfur, indicating that some sulfur of PBX converted into SO42- after oxidation. According to the products analysis results of PBX (section 3.4), because of the strong oxidation ability of ozone, the sulfur of PBX converted into SO42-, in which sulfur is in the highest valence state (S6+), instead of producing reductive organic sulfide (S2-).
The goal of this experiment is to determine which products are formed from elimination reactions that occur in the dehydration of an alcohol under acidic and basic conditions. The process utilized is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of a secondary and primary alcohol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and the base-induced dehydrobromination of a secondary and primary bromide, 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. The different products formed form each of these reactions will be analyzed using gas chromatography, which helps understand stereochemistry and regioselectivity of each product formed.
The goal of this two week lab was to examine the stereochemistry of the oxidation-reduction interconversion of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol and 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone. The purpose of first week was to explore the oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone and see how the reduction of the ketone will affect the stereoselectivity. The purpose of first week is to oxidize the alcohol, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol, to ketone just so that it can be reduced back into the alcohol to see how OH will react. The purpose of second week was to reduce 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol from first week and determine the effect of the product's diastereoselectivity by performing reduction procedures using sodium borohydride The chemicals for this lab are sodium hypochlorite, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone
The purpose of this experiment was to examine how the stoichiometry, “the quantitative relationships between substances involved in a chemical reaction”, can be applied to determine the quantity of sodium hypochlorite found in a bleach product. This experiment allowed it to determine how much oxidizing agent is in a cleaner by using a redox reaction, which is a reaction involving the transfer of electrons from the compound being oxidized to the compound being reduced. To determine the amount of oxidizing agent, it is necessary to accurately measure out known amounts of redox reactants, know the stoichiometry
In this experiment the enzyme peroxidase and the substrate hydrogen peroxide were not mixed initially, instead they were both placed in separate tubes and were incubated at a specific temperature, to prevent hydrogen peroxide from undergoing any reaction with peroxidase until they both acquire the required temperature.
This last process is significant not only because it brought dioxin the current notoriety but it also is a chemical process used to make products that were used and are still been used in many applications. These applications include pesticide, herbicide, defoliating agent such as Agent Orange, cleaning agent and electrical insulation. Consequently, human exposure to dioxin is not a recent phenomenon and the dangers of dioxin are not unknown. Only in recent years, especially after the Vietnam War, has the media concentrated on the dangers and impact of dioxin.
To determine the effects of two environmental factors, temperature and pH, on the enzyme peroxidase, a spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance of each reaction every twenty seconds for two minutes. The temperatures tested were 0°C, 23°C, 32°C, and 48°C; the pH levels tested were pH 3, pH 5, pH 7, and pH 9. The temperatures were kept constant by keeping the tubes at room temperature, or placing them in an ice bath, warmer, or a hot water bath. Peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, guaiacol and a pH buffer were mixed together to produce a reaction for both the temperature and pH experiments.
In the first part of this project, two cation elimination tests and one cation confirmation test were performed. 10 drops of 4 cation solutions: potassium, zinc(II), copper(II)
The late sixties were a time filled with sex, drugs, and rock and roll. A huge part of American culture at the time was focused around these three things. Musicians possessed a tremendous amount of social influence, and like wise, society put a lot of emphasis on the lives and attitudes of musicians. Of the rock groups from this time period, the Beatles were by far the most influential. The British rock group was probably the most catalytic band in rock and roll history. Although they came together in the shadow of the Beatles, another band of that era was Jefferson Airplane. Jefferson Airplane was deemed the first of the San Francisco psychedelic rock groups. Jefferson Airplane was always considered to be a psychedelic rock group, but it was not until later in their existence that the Beatles fell into this category as well. Both groups earned this title for their creative style of rock as well as for their experimentation with drugs. Each of these groups wrote songs that alluded to drug use at one time or another. Two of the most criticized songs from these bands are Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds by the Beatles, and White Rabbit by Jefferson Airplane. White Rabbit is a song latent with drug references. The connection with drugs in Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds is not as clear. Although John Lennon claims that he had no intention of making references to LSD in his song, the abstract lyrics and metaphoric language invite drug connotation. Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds and White Rabbit mirror each other in their association with LSD and their allusions to Alice in Wonderland, but looking into these songs more deeply it is obvious that both artists were writing about escape; escaping reality.
2.2.1. The analysis for the ability of the antioxidant activity to prevent the occurred of hydroperoxide.
The purpose of this particular experiment is to acquire the product 4-methylcyclohexene from the reactant 4-methylcyclohexanol by altering the equilibrium and using an elimination (E1) reaction involving dehydration with a strong acid acting as a catalyst. The following techniques and analyses were utilized in this experiment: simple distillation, “salting-out” the crude product, neutralization, unsaturation test, and infrared spectroscopy. Simple distillation is necessary for separating a liquid mixture and collecting the purified product or desired result. “Salting-out” the crude product was employed as a means of an extraction and purification process; that is, the salt would extract the water from the mixture, which leads to a reduction in solubility of the organic compound.
Abstract: Enzymes are catalyst that speed up a chemical reaction that takes place inside a living cell. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Peroxidase is an enzyme that is crucial in removing Hydrogen Peroxide which is produced as a by-product in some metabolic reactions. The lab was conducted to determine the effects of different factors on enzymes. Multiple experiments such as changes in temperature, concentration, inhibitors, Ph, and difference in the reaction rates were recorded. We divided the different experiments within our groups. Hydrogen Peroxide, Guaiacol, and peroxidase was prepared for the students, and each student used them accordingly for their experiments. Guaiacol
- The amount of times the mixture was stirred. We stirred the mixture until the Ammonium Nitrate was dissolved, so the amount of times we stirred after each teaspoon was different.
The oxidized water that the unit produces has a low pH level of 4, the redox potential is between +700 to +800 mV, and it gains its ability to oxidize and sterilize due to its shortage of electrons.
The basic set of reactions that involve this process are: Cl + O3 -->ClO + O2 and ClO + O -->Cl + O2 The net result: O3 + O -->2O2 Chlorine is initially removed in the first equation by the reaction with ozone to form chlorine monoxide. Then it is regenerated through the reaction with monatomic oxygen in the second equation. The net result of the two reactions is the depletion of ozone and atomic oxygen.6 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and methyl bromide are a few of the ozone depletion substances (ODS) that break down ozone under intense ultraviolet light.
Chemical oxidation method, appear to have the maximum ability for use within the textile wastewater industry [37]. Treatment of spent dye effluent by means of a method using ultraviolet light (UV) and a strong oxidant is an effective alternative for the removal of color. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most common oxidant utilized in combination with UV. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) additionally has oxidative capabilities for color elimination. Further, UV in aggregate with ClO2 is a likely treatment for the reduction of colored effluent from textile dyeing facilities. Ozone is one of the most powerful oxidizers commercially to be had and famous for huge complex organic molecules of dyes, detergents, phenols etc. it may be broken the compounds into easier one. It can also oxidize organics and inorganics compounds, hence the disposal of color and odors. For most commercial applications ozone needs to be produced at situ. In textile effluent it