2.4.3. Chemical Oxidation Method
Chemical oxidation method, appear to have the maximum ability for use within the textile wastewater industry [37]. Treatment of spent dye effluent by means of a method using ultraviolet light (UV) and a strong oxidant is an effective alternative for the removal of color. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most common oxidant utilized in combination with UV. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) additionally has oxidative capabilities for color elimination. Further, UV in aggregate with ClO2 is a likely treatment for the reduction of colored effluent from textile dyeing facilities. Ozone is one of the most powerful oxidizers commercially to be had and famous for huge complex organic molecules of dyes, detergents, phenols etc. it may be broken the compounds into easier one. It can also oxidize organics and inorganics compounds, hence the disposal of color and odors. For most commercial applications ozone needs to be produced at situ. In textile effluent it
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Physical adsorption takes place when the Vanderwaals forces bind the adsorbing molecule onto the solid substrate; those intermolecular forces are similar to the bond molecules to the surfaces of a liquid. The heats of adsorption are comparable in magnitude to latent heats (10 to 70 KJ/mol). Specifics that are physically adsorbed to a solid may be released through making use of heat; the process is reversible. An increase in temperature causes a lower in adsorption efficiency and capacity. Chemical adsorption occurs when covalent or ionic bonds are formed among the adsorbing molecules and the solid substrate. This bonding results in a change within the chemical form of the adsorbed compounds, and is therefore not reversible. The bonding forces for chemical adsorption are much more than for physical adsorption. Therefore, extra heat is liberated. With chemical adsorption, higher temperatures can improve the overall performance
place. This is because when energy in the form of heat is given out of
These materials are based on sodium chlorite (NaClO2) which are activated by citric acid. Sodium chlorite is an very good oxidizing agent wh...
Ozonation is very useful in pulp wastewater treatment. This process can convert COD to BOD. Many chemical compounds are sensitive to ozonation process. So this process can have a large impact in decrease the concentration of AOX in pulp wastewater and other colored/colorless chemical compounds.
Ozone (O3) is generated on-site at water treatment facilities by passing dry oxygen or air through a system of high-voltage electrodes. Ozone is one of the strongest oxidants and disinfectants available. Its high reactivity and low solubility, however, make it difficult to
HYPOTHESIS: Once I pour the baking soda solution on the silver it will remove the tarnish from the silver because aluminum is a more active metal than silver causing the silver sulfide to bond to the aluminum.
Household cleaners, or chemical cleaners as an alternative name have been used for centuries. Ever since dated history, humans have been mixing various natural ingredients or chemicals to produce solutions that can be used to disinfect or clean their homes and their clothes. The first evidence of bleach being used was back in Egyptian civilizations, back in the year 5000 BC. The Egyptians pioneered the technique of using the sun to discolor their linens. Later on at the start of the third millennium, the humans at the time discovered that mixing ashes from burnt wood with water could create a substance called Iye, which could lighten colors. They are also praised for dis...
Politics has always been about image. A good image leads to power, it's that simple. Sometimes it is hard to draw the line between a leader who is genuinely interested in improving the lives of his people and one that is interested in filling a few more pages of the already crowded History book. A good example of this is the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its transition time between 1953 and 1964. The tyrannical rule of Joseph Stalin in the USSR was finally over, and the nation sought a new leader; after nearly a decade, one man, Nikita Khrushchev, rose up from the ranks with new ideas for the nation, and an extreme anti-Stalin campaign. But was he truly enraged at the way Stalin ruled or was he using this image in an attempt to capture the same power as his predecessor? The link between the two leaders goes back many years, to nearly the beginning of the communist annexation of Russia. Even today, we find ourselves asking if the politicians we vote for say they will make a reform to actually help the people, or if they say it as an empty promise in a ploy to get elected or to gain power. Was Nikita Khrushchev a man for the people, or was he simply a puppet with motives unseen to the people that pulled his strings?
Many companies all over the world produce chemicals for their products that are harmful to the environment, human health, and to all living species. Green Chemistry is the use of chemistry for the prevention of chemical pollution to the environment by using chemicals that are benign, or not harmful. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that the mission of Green Chemistry is, “To promote innovative chemical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and use of chemical products.” Green Chemistry contains any aspects and types of chemical processes that reduce the negative effects of certain chemicals, in a way, using chemistry to fight chemistry.
the surface of the solid therefore the solvent only acts as a form of heat
Nature has gifted us with more than 500 dye-yielding plants [30]. One such dye –yielding plant species is Tagetes erecta Linn. , commonly known as Mexican Marigold because of its origin. This research was performed with the explicit objective of extracting natural dye from the petals of Mexican marigold flower using different solvents such as Methanol, Ethanol and Water, and to investigate its dyeing effects on different fabrics and yarn samples. The effects of various mordants on the stability of the dye as well as on the dye color were also analyzed. The color shade differences, L*a*b* values and color strength (K/S values) were estimated using CCM software analysis via Gretag Macbath 7000 A º spectrophotometer. Light fastness, Wash fastness, and Rubbing fastness were also evaluated for fabrics and yarns.
The basic set of reactions that involve this process are: Cl + O3 -->ClO + O2 and ClO + O -->Cl + O2 The net result: O3 + O -->2O2 Chlorine is initially removed in the first equation by the reaction with ozone to form chlorine monoxide. Then it is regenerated through the reaction with monatomic oxygen in the second equation. The net result of the two reactions is the depletion of ozone and atomic oxygen.6 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and methyl bromide are a few of the ozone depletion substances (ODS) that break down ozone under intense ultraviolet light.
Although there are a lot of conventional water treatment methods available, but due to their disadvantages, there is a need for development of new and effective methods for disinfection of total waterborne pathogens in water treatment. In the near future, advanced oxidation process (AOPs) may become the most widely used water treatment technologies [30, 31, 32]. The processes can be categorized into three types:
Introduction: The lesson “Reduction-Oxidation Reaction” really challenged my comprehension and computation skills in many ways. The first one is the complexity of instructions that need to be followed in order to arrive at the corresponding answer for a particular reaction. I basically confused the oxidation and reduction half reaction wherein I don’t know what elements will be reduced and oxidized. One of the things that I’ve confused is that I’ve mistaken the monoatomic charges for the oxidation numbers, wherein I put the monoatomic charges of their corresponding element, causing all of my answers in one of my quizzes to fail horribly. Although I was able to get the concept of the oxidation reaction, I am still confused by the reduction half reaction.
What exactly is a chemical engineer? Many would say that it is simply a "chemist who builds things" or an "engineer who makes chemicals. However, neither of these statements is completely true. The term "chemical engineer" is not meant to actually describe what it is a chemical engineer does, but to describe what sets it apart from the other branches of engineering: civil, mechanical, and electrical. On average, chemical engineers are numerically the smallest but also the highest paid. It is not a profession the must dwell on the past for comfort and support, for its greatest accomplishments are still yet to come.
Many detergents are resistant to the action of biological agents and thus are not biodegradable. Their elimination from municipal wastewaters by the usual treatments is a problem.