The patient is a 43 year-old female insurance sale agent who came to the clinic for annual eye examination. She complained from symptoms of ocular irritation and burning when she wakes up in the morning. She felt ocular dryness in the afternoon and the eyes look red. She has also noted different height of her eyelids when putting make-up on. She denied significant problems with driving, TV watching, computer use or reading. She also denied flashes, floaters or diplopia. The patient was myopia with no prior eye surgeries, previous history of eye trauma, amblyopia or strabismus. She did not use any medication. The past ocular family history was negative. Social history was negative, too.
Regarding to the ocular examination, the patient's visual acuity without optical correction (spectacle) was good 20/20 in both eyes. IOP measurements was 18 mmHg on the right eye and 16 mmHg in the left eye. The pupil was equal, round and reactive to light with no afferent pupillary defect in both eyes. In extarocular movement test, there was limited downward gaze with
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eyelid elevation (eyelid lag) in both eyes and no other restrictions or nystagmus. Confrontation fields were full to finger counting in both eyes. Externally, there was mild upper eyelid fullness in both eyes. Hertel exophthalmometry was 23 mm and 22 mm in the right and left eyes, respectively. Slit lamp examination showed mild lacrimal gland enlargement, mild chemosis, conjunctiva injection and slight punctate epithelial erosions in the inferior cornea in both eyes. Anterior chamber was deep and quit in both eyes. Iris and lens was clear and normal. Dilated fundus examination revealed clear view, CDR 0.3 with sharp optic disc margins, flat macula with normal foveal light reflex, normal vessels and peripheral retina in both eyes. Discussion: Based on the case presentation, there are another diseases in the differential diagnoses include orbital cellulitis, orbital tumors, Wegener's granulomatosis or orbital myositis. According to the previous clinical findings and ocular examination, the patient diagnosed with grave's ophthalmopathy. Exophthalmos or proptosis that revealed by hertel exophthalmometry is the most common and prominent feature of GO. In addition, lacrimal gland enlargement, corneal erosion and conjuctival injection suggest Grave's ophthalmopathy. Regarding to the visual acuity, the patient was in mild phase of the disease that not interfere with vision. In extreme case, grave's ophthalmopathy may causes visual loss. Treatment of Grave’s ophthalmopathy is independent of systemic disease.
Treatment depends on signs and severity of disease. These treatments include artificial tears, surgery, glucocorticoids, immunomodulators and prisms. Artificial tears can be used for corneal exposure and associated dryness. In severe lid retraction, eyelid surgery can be considered. Orbital congestion and optic neuropathy can be treated by high dose glucocorticoids. Steroid-sparring agents and additional immunomodulators (cyclosporine, azathioprine) are also used. Sometimes, surgical decompression of the orbit is necessary to prevent severe exophthalmos and optic nerve compression. If patients have diplopia secondary to muscle enlargement and fibrosis, prisms and then strabismus surgery are needed after the inflammatory response is controlled. Eyelid surgery is suggested in patients that have severe exposure due to a fibrotic levator
muscle.
She tried to read row 6 feet that was 1.8 millimeters but could not see the rest of the letters. Next, I tested her right eye, however she could not see the row that was 15 feet, which was 4.5 millimeters she also mess up on a letter in row 20 feet. But with her vision test it suggested that her visual field are functioning fine. I held up 3 fingers and then held up two and she identifies what she had seen in her vision fields which she identified
Loss of vision in one or both eyes
Optometrists have accepted vision therapy, which is a medical treatment for optical muscle disabilities, as a feasible treatment used for eye related problems; claiming the treatment can strengthen vision and give the patient the opportunity to understand visuals quicker and clearer (Press). Vision therapy originated in the 1950s and over the past 25 years, has gained popularity, mainly because of new technological innovations in the field of treatment. Generally, vision therapy is prescribed as a measure mainly for people between the ages of 3 and 18. With the results from a comprehensive series of eye tests, the optometrist can work with the patient using special instruments—prisms, filters, occluders, and eye lenses—and strengthen the eye muscles, thus improving sight. According to optometrists in favor of vision therapy, these methods of treatment using these instruments function as safer routes to repair eye disabilities. Although vision therapy can yield favorable results, the practice as a treatment for innate eye disabilities has been in hot debate lately; as it can exceed $8000 and insurance companies do not cover the treatment. For decades, insurance companies have refused to accept vision therapy as a legitimate method for repairing eyesight (Boink). Concomitant with lack of insurance, the cost for a full treatment can exceed $8000, and doctors cannot guarantee a successful outcome. Recently, parents of children with eye related disabilities, such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and strabismus (cross-eye), and doctors have attempted to cooperate with public schools to allow families access to school-funded doctors to practice vision therapy. With a tight budget, most schools cannot afford to supply vision therapy, and a...
There are three parts to the eye exam, the visual acuity exam. This test uses an eye chart to measure how good you can see an object details or the shape of an object at a far distance. 20/20 is the perfect visual acuity and if you 're legally blind than its worse than or equal to 20/200 in both eyes. The second exam is called the slit lamp exam which is a type of microscope that is used to examine the front part of the eye,, that includes the eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, iris, anterior chamber, the lens, and part of the retina and optic nerve. The third exam is called dilated exam. Dilated exam is when drops are placed in the eyes to widen or dilate the pupil to enable your eye M.D. to examine the retina and optic nerve for signs of damage (“Diabetic Retinopathy
...eye fluid to leave the eye. The new channel helps to lower the eye pressure. Surgery will be recommended only if your ophthalmologist feels the benefit of a lower eye pressure achieved with an operation outweighs possible complications and/or further progression of optic nerve damage.
Clinically referred to as blepharoplasty, eyelid surgery is a cosmetic surgery procedure that involves removal of excess skin, muscle or sometimes fat from the lower and upper eyelids to improve the appearance of the eyelids or correct vision problems related to overhanging eyelids.
idea how to treat it . his skin is sallow and pale, his eyes have lost
The eye is an extremely diverse organ, ranging in complexity across and within animal phyla. Here, a comparative approach is taken to outlining the diversity of the eye forms within vertebrates and invertebrates. The eye morphology of a variety of organisms was examined. Eye function, and placement on the body was also considered. Here, variation in eye form is discussed in relation to the environment the organism is adapted to. It is shown that an organisms eye morphology functions optimally for the ecological niche it occupies. Evolutionary analysis is used to account for the emergence of the different eyes. Convergent evolution is used to justify the similarities in eye types seen in organisms of different species. This analysis begins with the simplest of eye forms composes of single cells, present in the zooplankton larvae. Such primitive forms are identified in mollucs, annelids, cnidarians, and are then compared to more advanced eye forms contain lenses. This comparative approach provides a breadth of examples of vertebrates and invertebrates, making visible, the diversity of eye morphology within the animal kingdom.
Life revolves around being able to see things. Although individuals who are blind can lead a full and happy life, someone with excellent vision who suddenly loses theirs or notices a decrease in their visual acuity over time may find it difficult to adapt. Thankfully, with the help of an optometrist, individuals can actively work to preserve their vision for as long as possible. Phoenix Eye Care must be a priority for all, as advanced technology allows threats to the eyes to be detected as the earliest stage. The right treatment can help to slow or stop the progression before major issues develop. For this reason, every individual needs to undergo routine eye exams.
Gorilla in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events, contrary to popular belief, is not about gorillas in the zoo. The entire article is a focus upon inattentional blindness, which is a lot more common in situations than one were to believe. The focus of inattentional blindness is brought on by a study that includes many volunteers, mainly undergraduate students in the attempts to point out that one can be so focused on one thing that they could completely miss a gorilla coming into the room, or some other obscure factor that occurs without anyone noticing. Through multiple sessions of differentiating experiments, Daniel J. Simmons and Christopher F. Chabris from Harvard University were able to produce further insights
Many signs include a "white pupil," also known as leukocoria. Retinoblastoma can occur in either one or two eyes (Paul T. Finger, Pg. 1). This abnormal white pupillary reflex is sometimes referred to as a cat's eye reflex. Another sign of retinoblastoma is a crossed eye (Ambramson, Ch3). Leukocoria doesn't always end up as being retinoblastoma, it can even result in: congenital cataract, Toxocara canis, Coat's disease, and persistent hypertrophic primary vitreous (PHPV) (Finger, Pg.2). Retinoblastoma occurs when there's a mutation or deletion of the q14 band of chromosome 13 (Finger, Pg. 1). Symptoms can be painful if not treated quickly. Some include a red, painful eye, swelling of the surrounding eye, poor vision, dilated pupil, even extra fingers or toes, and retardation (Ambramson, Ch3).
Due to the abnormal bone formation the eyes are slightly tilted so the Person has a difficulty seeing or known as vision problems. Due to the slanted eyes it is hard for those people who have this syndrome to see the also have droopy misshaped eyes with notched lower lids absent lower eyelashes absent floor of the eye sockets
How a person makes decisions can be based on multiple different things. A lot can be based on a person’s values and morals. These morals and values can be very different from person to person and culture to culture. Culture is the learned portion of human behavior, it is the basis many values and morals are built on. Just because a person has different ideas from you does not make them wrong. Ethical decisions must be made by looking at and accepting different viewpoints. The Ethical Lens Inventory (ELI) is a tool to help determine how one makes decisions. To begin to understand the ELI, one must understand the four core values of autonomy, sensibility, rationality, and equality. Autonomy is defined by dictionary.com as “the independence
Amblyopia is a condition in which visual acuity in one eye is greatly reduced. It is caused by lack of stimulation or disuse during visual development (Rose, 1998). Because the eye is not fully developed at birth (Jarvis, 1992, as cited in Rose, 1998), infants need stimulation to complete the visual neural pathway. When one or both eyes are inhibited, for example due to misalignment of one eye (strabismus) or a large difference in refractive power between two eyes (anisometropia), the neural pathway for the inhibited eye develops abnormally, or does not develop at all. At approximately six years of age eye development is complete (Stager, 1990, as cited in Rose, 1998). Before visual development is complete amblyopia can be treated. If it is caught and treated at an early age, normal vision can be preserved (Rose, 1998).
There are also various eye disorders associated with eyesight such as astigmatism, farsightedness, and nearsightedness. Astigmatism is a condition in which vision at all distances may be blurred or distorted. An irregularly shaped cornea, causing light images to focus on two separate points in the eye, characterizes this condition. When the front of the eye is more oval than round, light does not focus properly on the back of the eye, also known as the retina. Astigmatism is not a disease, but is actually a vision condition that is quite common--only moderate to highly astigmatic eyes need corrective lenses. The signs and symptoms of severe astigmatism are blurred or distorted vision. For mild astigmatism the symptoms are headaches, eyestrain, fatigue, and blurred vision at certain angles. The causes of astigmatism are unclear. It may be genetically inherited or may result from various environmental factors such as poor lighting, incorrect posture, or an increased use of the eyes for close work.