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The Effect of Cultural and Historical Situations on American Literature
The theme of identity
Essay on immigration and identity issue
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Bharati Mukherjee, a widdely known diasporic literary celebrity, has captured different shades of the entity called immigration in her novels. Her top agenda in almost all her novels is exptriatehood leading to new identities and related paraphernelia. Her debut novel The Tiger’s Daughter introduces us to the fragile self and in-betweenness of a daughter, Tara belonging to a wealthy Bengali family. After spending good seven years abroad, she finds Calcutta vastly different than what was in her childhood memories wheras Wife, her second novel looks at a new aspect of wifehood in an alien mileu. Wife is a saga of a wife named Dimple, a day dreamer who ruthlessly kills her husband owing to her inability to adopt to the host culture of the US. …show more content…
She finds only poverty and turmoil. It reflects Mukherjee’s own experience of coming back to India with her American husband in 1973, when she was deeply affected by the chaos and poverty of India.
The novel is a starting point with Mukherjee’s treatment of the theme of the conflict between Eatern and Western worlds, as in her other works. Tara, the protagonist, was born in Calcutta, schooled in the States and married to an American gentleman. After spending seven years abroad, beautiful, luminous Tara leaves her American husband behind and comes back to India. But the place she finds on her return—full of strikes, riots and unrest—is vastly different from the place she remembers. Yet Tara seeks to reconcile the old world—that of her father, the Bengal Tiger—with the new one of her husband David. Mukherjee sketched an Indian society from the perspective of
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In the dark mood of bitterness against the plight of Indian women and Canada’s racial discrimination, expatriate Bharati mukherjee composed Wife. This novel exhibits the darker side of the split personality of the central character. She fantasizes about marriage; her perception of marriage originating from Indian films and magazines. She marries after many dreams but develops a passive resistance towards her married life. When her husband immigrates to America in search of prosperity, she fails to absorb into the American culture When it comes to immigrate to America, she does not want to carry her past with her. She forcefully induces miscarriage by skipping rope. Unable to adopt the American culture, she is a marginalized figure, in terms of her Indian as well as American context. She assassinates her husband and finally commits
Hasan, Seemin. "The Dynamics Of Repatriation In Shilpi Somaya Gowda's Secret Daughter." Asiatic: IIUM Journal Of English Language & Literature 6.1 (2012): 142-153. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. 17 Dec. 2013.
Mukherjee begins her essay with an exposition of her and her sister’s story. She uses repetition in order to emphasize the main differences between the two. For example, she states, “I am an American citizen and she is not. I am moved that thousands of residents are finally taking the oath of citizenship. She is not.” This line is used to set up her subject. She is stating that she is an immigrant whose dream was to envelop the American culture, while her sister does not believe that she should be assimilated into it. The use of repetition also appeals to her audience, Americans, by capturing their attention. Many Americans are nationalistic, if not jingoistic, and believe that America is the greatest country in the world. The notion that others do not feel this way may intrigue them, or potentially offend them, causing them to read on in attempt to find flaws within her argument.
Jhumpa Lahiri is widely recognized as a Bengali-American author whose stories are focused on the Bengali/Indian immigrant experience. With her literary debut, she wins the 1999 O. Henry Award and the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1). “Interpreter of Maladies” is a short fiction story about the modern Indian Americans visiting India, which is considered a foreign country to them. Lahiri compellingly demonstrates that all types of relationships are unique and dependent on the efforts and communication of the individuals, which leads to misunderstanding between, couples and even failed relationships or marriages. The author has utilized the lack of communication
Evidently, the descriptive nature of the two divergent environments mirrors the persistent social inequality and unequal distribution of India’s novel wealth. Boo’s prologue fundamentally gives an insight into the social injustice at hand responsible for Abdul’s elusion of the police. Abdul, his father and sister are accused of burning One Leg, a woman named by the Annawadians appropriate to her disability. Once Abdul’s father is arrested, Abdul aspires to escape the slum during the concealing darkness of nighttime. Much to his own dismay, Abdul falls asleep and is instructed to turn himself into the police to protect his ill father the following morning. The inhabitants of the slum represent a form of urban poverty, visibly hidden amid a facade of economic might and superiority. As one of the marginalized groups in Indian society, Annawadians are faced with economic obstacles on the pathway to social equality. Even in India’s moment economic resurgence, the layer of poverty is even further suppressed by the system; struggling to rise above and into the over-city. Yet, Boo describes the aspirations of the youth of Annawadi who seek to work as waiters in the surrounding hotels, acquire a college education or simply climb the
Her story gave me a greater insight into the process by which many Indian women migrated to the United States. When reading The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri, I did not think about Ashima’s story as being representative of the larger female Indian American immigrant experience, but in talking to Alka, I learned that their shared experience was common. Alka explained that many of the couples that she and her husband are friends with, had similar journeys to the United States. Through Alka’s narrative of her arrival, I also gained insight into arranged marriages which are heavily stigmatized in the Western world. She explained that her marriage was arranged by her and her husband’s parents who acquaintances and that largely left out of the decision making process. I was surprised that her family justified her engagement based on the fact that her field of studies would be most easily adapted in the United States, as well as financially stable. However, what surprised me most about her migration to the United States was, for the most part, out of her control. She chose to marry her husband because the match made both families so happy, and with that one decision she was whisked away to a foreign
In her short story “A Father”, Bharati Mukherjee presents the altercation of a man against his wife and daughter as he attempts keep his religious traditions alive despite his wife and daughter’s Americanized ways of living. Modern American culture is no longer dominated by the male gender and women are beginning to make their way up in society. The issues existing amongst the Bhowmick family force them to struggle upholding the traditional Hindu culture Mr. Bhowmick has practiced throughout his entire life. Although several aspects of the story foreshadow the tragic ending of Mukherjee’s work, by writing the story in the point of view of Mr. Bhowmick, the author creates empathy towards the character while also displaying the ironic significance of the female. If one were to read a news story about an immigrant father beating his pregnant daughter into a miscarriage, they could assume the man was a monster. However, Bharati Mukherjee refutes this view by telling her work, “A Father” from the point of view of Mr. Bhowmick, presenting him as a victim of his own patriarchal culture and superstitions, creating empathy for him despite his horrifying actions.
One of Meena’s six older sisters, Harj, had run away after being attacked by a group of boys and this is once again another loss that she and her family must cope with. Such misfortunes having happened to the family cause Meena’s mother to be all the more cautious about their image in the judgemental Punjabi community that they are immersed in. Being a widow and birthing all girls, one of which has run away, is viewed as shameful, demeaning the family’s reputation, and threatening the potential for good Punjabi marriages for Meena and her sisters. Unlike in the West, traditionally arranged marriages are the norm in Indian culture and hence, Meena’s mother does everything in her power to ensure that Meena presents herself in a dignified
Lately Indian novelist has shifted from rural to metro India, which is the living soul of the country. The problems of urbanization and the problems faced by the people of metro India find a powerful expression in Indian English fiction.
She handled typical Indian themes and has successfully depicted the dilemmas and conflicts of women in their interactions and dealings with their partners. Through the aspects of kindness, tolerance and understanding of human relationships this novel can better be accepted by the readers. The despair and disappointments in the life of Jaya is clearly understood by the readers from the very beginning of the novel. She begins the novel by saying
various sections of society in India. It is a story of Balram, a young boy’s voyage from Darkness to Light, from rags to riches, transforming from a village teashop boy into a Bangalore entrepreneur. The paper argues class divide and disempowerment in India which is making poor poorer and rich richer. The paper investigates not only how Balram underwent the pathetic and rigorous life as an underclass boy but also the way he escalated to a position of business tycoon in Bangalore city. Against this backdrop, the paper analyses the protagonist’s ability to overcome the hardships and harsh realities of life, keeping his dreams alive and achieving global echelon.
Miss New India is the most recent novel by Bharati Mukherjee. This novel completes her trilogy of Desirable Daughters and The Tree Bride. This novel is the story of Anjali Bose, a middle class girl from a small provincial town, Gauripur in Bihar. She is an energetic and ambitious girl who does not want to waste her talent of good language skills in this backwater town. Her command at the fluent English speaking skills is encouraged and cultivated by her American teacher, Peter Champion who is an American expat, teaching in Gauripur. Peter acknowledges Anjali's potential and motivates her to move to Bangalore and put her talents to better use. The novel portrays the struggle of the protagonist to carve a new path in the new world and her struggle for her identity in the new scenario.
The tragedy in the novels of middle phase rises from the intimate interactions of the expatriate women with the Indians in post – independence era since there is no more any shielding protection of the colonial officialdom of British imperialism. The brutal rape of Lee, the seduction of Olivia and her step – granddaughter are some symbolic portrayals of the disparity between the romantic illusions that in turn could provide them nothing but sexuality betrayal and falsehood. In portraying the subjugation of the European women by Indian lover’s husbands or the spiritual gurus Jhabvala hints at the moral and spiritual degradation in modern India. The search of the expatriate women for love beauty or spirituality ends in their victimisation at the hands of male rapacity and they are in a predicament of self – destructive commitments or flight for survival.
The various forms of oppression, over race, class, or gender, all operate with one uniform principle: a belief in their own superiority over another. Just as women have always suffered under the oppression of men in patriarchal systems, a quarter of the world, the natives of India, the aborigines of Australia, the Canadians and Africans, endured the iron hand of British rule for centuries. Using the novels, Freedom at Midnight by Dorninique Lapierre and Larry Collins, and Clear Light of Day by Anita Desai, I explore the relationship between the British colonizers and the Indian people, and the relationship between Bakul, an Indian diplomat, and Tara, his innocent wife. The relationships between the two countries and the married couple represent a mother/child relationship by incorporating the idea of co-dependency. In Freedom at Midnight Great Britain plays the role of a matemal parent that 'intends' to save India, while India appears to be a rambunctious child, needing to be tamed. Within Desai's novel, Clear Light of Day, Bakul is a self-serving parent who sees hope in reforming Tara and 'intends' to rescue her from her primitive world in Old Delhi. While both Britain and Bakul begin with good intentions, the result of their efforts, especially Britain's, proves to be detrimental to India and Tara, respectively.
Bhartee Mukherjee, one of most prominent post- colonial writer in Indian Literature. Her works are based on the migration due to circumstances, the status of new immigrants and feeling of alienation as well as Indian women and their struggle. Her own struggle as an immigrant from India to U.S. and Canada laid her to write up on stories of immigration. Her such of work is The Tiger’s Daughter (1972) is a story of a young girl Tara who ventures back to India after many years of being away to return to poverty and chaos.
Mahasweta Devi, always writes for deprived section of people. She is a loving daughter, a clerk, a lecturer, a journalist, an editor, a novelist, a dramatist and above all an ardent social activist. Her stories bring to the surface not only the misery of the completely ignored tribal people, but also articulate the oppression of w...