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Is hierarchy of needs an accurate representation of the needs we face daily
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Anthony Hebdo
Motivation Response
There are three theories of motivation, they are: Drive-Reduction Theory, Arousal Theory and A Hierarchy of Needs. Drive-Reduction Theory is basically our bodies way of telling us we need something, which creates a drive or motivation to satisfy the need (Myers & DeWall, 2014). In drive- reduction theory there are three assumptions. The first is that we have a need, such as being hungry (Myers & DeWall, 2014). The second assumption is when this need is not met, it will produce a driven state, such as hunger (Myers & DeWall, 2014). The last assumption is this drive forces us to eliminate the need by eating (Myers & DeWall, 2014). The goal of this three-step process is homeostasis. Homeostasis is our bodies way of maintaining and or balancing an
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We are also driven by incentives, these incentives either appeal to us or sicken us. When there is both a need and a reward or reason for doing something, we have a strong desire to do something. At the point when there is both a need and a motivator we get exceptionally energetic. On the off chance that we are parched, there is a need to fulfill that thirst. We see a drinking fountain and take a drink; the need has now been met. (Myers & DeWall, 2014). The strengths of drive reduction theory are, it is valuable for describing our natural needs (Myers & DeWall, 2014). This suggests our essential wants are gratified. It similarly, describes our intention to decrease arousal by fulfilling our essential needs, for example appetite or thirst (Myers & DeWall, 2014). The weaknesses of drive reduction theory are that no secondary needs met. Additionally, it does not clarify why some motivated behavior
Underlying assumptions: humans are motivated by self-fulfillment and move in a positive and goal-oriented direction. Needs are partially factored in, such as hunger and sex.
Drive begins with a look at the work of scientists, Harry Harlow and Edward Deci and their early experiments on motivation. As a result of their research on motivational theory, these two individuals uncovered a completely different and unique way of looking at what drives human behavior. Harlow, in his experiment with rhesus monkeys, and Deci, with his Soma puzzle cubes, found that rewards and were not the only factors at work in motivating task completion. The notion of “intrinsic motivation”, or pursuing a task for the sake of enjoyment and self-fulfillment was born.
According to Robbins et al; (Robbins et al, pg 296) motivation refers to the process by which a persons efforts are energized, sustained, and directed towards a goal. This definition has three key elements: energy, direction, and persistence. Motivation is a complex and important subject, has historically been given a great deal of attention by Psychologists, who have proposed theories to explain it. (Riggio, pg 188),
Depending on how motivated we are, it may further determine the effort we put into our work and therefore increase the standard of the productivity. There have been a wide variety of theories about motivation developed over the years. Several are drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, psychosocial (both incentive and cognitive) theory, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
Motive theory is one more way psychologists evaluate personality. The motive theory searches for reasons why people do what they do. It asks questions like what drives people. The underlying idea of the motive theory is that behavior reflects underlying needs. A need represents an unsatisfactory state of being. For instance, primary needs are biological, such as a need for air, water and food. After these basic needs are met, less important needs can be met such as friendship and even love. David McCelland and John Atkinson studied the need for achievement. The need for achievement is the desire to do things well and have pleasure in overcoming obstacles (Clark et al., 1956). The need for achievement varies depending on sex, and childhood
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail primary drives for physical needs such as water and food, and acquired drives realized through conditioning or experience such as the need for income or social acceptance; whereas, one must meet the need to reduce the drive to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom
Hunger is an important, ever-changing human trait. It doesn’t always refer to the hunger for food, but can also mimic the craving for a certain aspect. Hunger, in the context of food, can be an emotionally overpowering feeling, and in extreme cases, cause a person to go to great lengths to quench their feelings of it. Hunger, in the context of the of craving of a certain aspect, is therefore not so different. When one hungers for a certain aspect of life and ultimately is unable to obtain it, their hunger continues to grow, causing the person to undertake rash measures to obtain what they hunger for.
those driving forces, but very often, according to Freud, those desires are not met, weather they are through the actual
In this theory, an aroused state is sparked by a physiological need, driving a person to have it met. The goal is to reduce a physiological need in order to return the body to a state of homeostasis, which is keeping your internal state stable. In this scenario, Dave clearly in an aroused state, motivating him to vanquish his hunger, as he not only eats, but gobbles someone’s French fries with, disregarding social graces. In addition to drive-reduction, humans are motivated by incentives. Incentives are positive or negative stimuli that either attract or repel people.
These scientist attempted to understand motivation with instincts that are found both in human and in animals. Sometimes instinct can be related to aggressive behaviors. In reality instinct can be related to curiosity, running away, aggressiveness, and gathering possessions proposed by William McDougall in 1908.There are also cases where drive-reduction theory connects to internal physiology and outward behavior causing an organism that has a need, like hunger, to lead into psychological tension that motivates the organism to act, fulfilling the need and reducing tension. Drive-reduction theory also has two drives which are primary drives that involve needs of the body, while acquired (secondary) drives are learned through experience. Homeostasis also includes into the drive-reduction theory which causes the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. Also, the need for affiliation (nAff) helps and individual have a friendly social interaction and relationships with others as well as to be thought as something great with
The two ideas: ‘need-satisfying urge of humans’ and ‘behavior leads to results’, forms the following idea. An individual may act in a certain way to satisfy his unmet needs, but that behavior brings a result, which may be satisfaction of that need itself or satisfaction of that need with something else. If that particular behavior brings some other result in addition to the need satisfaction itself, then it’s obvious that encouraging that behavior by means of ensuring greater need satisfaction yields more results.
The same article also discussed psychological factors besides motivation in
Motivation and emotion are usually viewed as two psychological features that seemingly share cause-and-effect relationship. We often see motivation as something that stimulates a person to act and behave to achieve a desired goal, while emotion is the feelings that emerge from the motive or drive itself, from the actions caused by the motive and from the achievement or failure of the desired goal. However. Motivation has been defined in different ways over the years, but a common component of the different definitions is that motivation is a force that energizes, activates and directs behaviour. In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the “arousal, direction and persistence of a person’s behaviour”. Motivation has been defined in various ways
A pro of the drive-reduction theory is meeting the biological needs of the person, or animal. A con of the drive-reduction theory is the tensions that is created and needs to be resolved. An example of the drive-reduction theory is someone being thirsty (drive), and needing a drink, so the drives is what motivates the person to quench their thirst. A huge problem that is found with Hull’s drive-reduction theory is that the way secondary reinforcers reduce drives is not accounted for. Secondary reinforcers do nothing to reduce the biological and/or physiological needs in a direct manner. On the other hand primary drives like thirst and hunger are directly reduced. An example of a secondary reinforcer such as money will allow you to purchase a primary reinforcement, but the money itself does nothing to reduce the drive. Although, the money still does play a role in the
Theories of motivation consists two parts. Content and process motivation theories. Content motivation theories focuses mainly on people needs and explains why people have different needs at different times. Content theories of motivation treated as a need or desire, to act for the sake of promoting a certain goal. One most prominent theorist Abraham Maslow (1943) proposed the hierarchy of needs. It states that all the needs of the people can be divided into five categories, aligned incentive effect in descending order: (psychological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs). Psychological are the basic needs to survive, e.g. food, clothes, shelter, warmth, sleep, etc. Safety are the needs like security, stability, freedom from fear, etc. Social needs are the feelings of belongingness, acceptance, being part