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The three perspectives of motivation theories
The three perspectives of motivation theories
Extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
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The author believes that goals and desires require an individual to be motivated to move from one state of being to the next. This motivation encompasses the emotional, cognitive, social, and biological drives that trigger behavior (Maslow, 1943). Accordingly, the word motivation befalls the frequently used description of why an individual achieves a goal, and the term motivation originates from the Latin root movere, which means “to move.” Therefore, motivation stands as the state that “moves” an individual to act in a particular way. For instance, when one is lying on the beach on a warm summer day and begins to feel hot, the physical need to cool down might cause one to stand up, go to the water for a dip. If the heat remains too over-bearing, …show more content…
Sometimes people remain driven to do something because of external reward, or the by the avoidance of an objectionable consequence, as when one obeys the permitted speed limit to avoid a costly speeding ticket. When the motivation directs a conclusion that is outside of the self, it is considered an extrinsic motivation. In extrinsic motivation, a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from the person (Ryan & Deci, 2000). For instance, giving a student money for every A grade, proffering a bonus to a salesman for the most contracts signed, or tipping a stylist for a good haircut. The student, salesman, and hairdresser remain motivated to labor for the external rewards. On the other hand, intrinsic motivation is the form of motivation in which an individual implements an action because the deed itself is enjoyable, satisfying, interesting, or rewarding in some internal …show more content…
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail primary drives for physical needs such as water and food, and acquired drives realized through conditioning or experience such as the need for income or social acceptance; whereas, one must meet the need to reduce the drive to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom
Daniel Pink looks at extrinsic motivation and explains why it is wrongly treated by people. He points out that this kind of motivation is all about stimulating people’s behavior, that can be made by rewarding it financially or punishing them for not achieving their goal. When people are eager to meet a certain goal just for the end result- the financial reward, they change their focus and shift their attention. Instead of focusing on the experience of the activity that they are performing, their main thoughts will be only about the reward given after achieving their goal. Daniel Pink gives two examples of similar situations, one of them being a girl taking money for each math lesson she attends and the other being an industrial designer, promised financial reward, if he make a hit product. Both of them would definitely work hard in the short-term, focused on the awaiting reward,
Once stated by Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Motivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it.” The aforementioned ideology places an emphasis on an individual’s internal desires, rather than an outside/external force driving the individual’s consciousness (cognitive evaluation.) Therefore intrinsic motivation is one in which an individual 's own desire comes from within; a relentless and genuine passion for an intended goal. On the contrary, when an individual relies on external factors such as, a reward or any other form of external reinforcement, an extrinsic motivation is exhibited. Although society likes to stress the importance in pursuing an internal motivation, in today 's modern world, an extrinsic factor far outweighs an internal desire to accomplish an objective.
Many different motivation theories have been created and dissected over the past century in an attempt to understand human behaviour and answer the question: “what creates the force needed to do things we want to do?”
Based on the different reasons or goals that give rise to an action, motivation can be classified into intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation (Ryan and Deci, 2000). The first type, intrinsic motivation, refers to doing something because “it is inherently interesting or enjoyable” (Ryan and Deci, 2000, p. 55). This type of motivation refers to the reasons for L2 learning that are derived from one’s inherent pleasure and interest in the activity and the activity is performed because of the spontaneous satisfaction associated with it (Noels, 2001). Researchers (e.g. (Vallerand, 1997; Vallerand et al., 1992; Noels et al., 2000) have categorized intrinsic motivation into three subtypes: (1) intrinsic motivation-Knowledge, which is the motivation
What is motivation? According to text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things: this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves. Depending on how motivated we are, it may further determine the effort we put into our work and therefore increase the standard of the productivity. There have been a wide variety of theories about motivation developed over the years. Several are drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, psychosocial (both incentive and cognitive) theory, and Maslow’s H...
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail the primary drives for physical needs (water and food) and the acquired drives learned through experience or conditioning (need for money or social approval); whereas, one must meet the need to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom (Teigen, 1994). (4) Incentive
Traditionally, the role of motivation in the work place has been tailored to the average worker. In a lot of motivational research, the common focus revolves around how to motivate employees to be the best and most productive version of themselves. As today’s workforce is becoming increasingly dominated by an aging population of workers, the image of the average worker changes. The average age of retirement is on the climb and as a result recent literature in Industrial/Organizational Psychology has begun to focus upon how to how effectively motivate the aging and elderly portion of the workforce. In addition, recent research has begun to focus on how to properly motivate employees to maintain an optimal level of performance as they age. The
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum
Intrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does for enjoyment of the activity itself. There is no external reward for these behaviors, and it is seen as a prototype for autonomous behaviors. Extrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does to illicit a direct consequence. In some cases, one might behave a certain way to avoid punishment, or alternatively, to receive a reward. Most people are extrinsically motivated to go to work every day. There are four different types of extrinsic motivation: External, introjected, identified, and integrated. For certain activities, Amotivation can occur, which usually has negative effects. This occurs when people’s needs aren’t being satisfied by whatever they are doing. Each of the types of motivation can be located on The Self-Determination
A motivation theory that was presented in the 20th is called “Arousal Theory”. The two psychologists by the names Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson were the ones responsible for introducing the “Yerkes-Dodson Law” in the early 1900’s. The theory suggests, “during low arousal or stimulation the results is slow and lethargic and as the arousal increases so does the performance”. As it applies to motivation, arousal is a need that can be triggered by several factors. For instance, they can be a factor that is dependent on the temperature or climate. The arousal can be dictated by either hot or cold. In “cold” situations, arousal can be deemed low and on the other spectrum of being “hot”, arousal can elevate. During winter times, generally people tend to stay inside and stay warm in their cozy homes relaxing in their fireplace. People’s tendencies can be relaxed and lazy (low arousal). On the other hand, during summer weather most of us are vibrant and lively enjoy...
The arousal theory contains two components: intrinsically motivated and extrinsically motivated. The arousal theory basically defines a motivator in the body. Intrinsic motivators typically do something for the enjoyment or if they find something interesting whereas extrinsic motivators do something for rewards, not necessarily not enjoying what they are doing, but at the same time avoid negative consequences.
The layman’s view of motivation is defined has the action whereby one is given a reason or purpose to complete an objective with more zeal. This in itself is not something new, but rather a method that has been applied for an immeasurable number years, possibly before it was even defined, classified
According to Greenberg (1999), motivation is defined “as a process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal.” Where “directing” refers to the selection of a particular behavior; and ‘maintenance” refers to the inclination to behave with consistency in that manner until the desired outcome is met.
According to Robert E. Quinn(p.205) there are two types of motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic). Extrinsic motivation refers to the source of motivation in which the behavior concern external factors such as money, praise or rewards. Whereas intrinsic motivation is the behavior which is internally concerning an individual.
In the heart of darkness Joseph Conrad speaks of work, "I don't like work-- no man does -- but I like what is in the work -- the chance to find yourself..." then he goes on speaking of finding ones self in the work things you accomplish through hard work. Conrad enlightens us by explaining that no other will ever fully understand what it really means. They precise a "mere shadow" of the effort, dedication, and emotion put into the work that the creator sees. To me this translates into how proud a person is of there work especially after throwing themselves into something that take time, money, and persistence. Extrinsic motivation is a key factor in what Joseph is describing in this quote; when you do not necessarily enjoy the task, but the outcome of the task you're preforming. Joseph makes a solid point that many can relate to.