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Key issues and reasons for the study of gender discrimination in the workplace
Sexism in the workplace and education
Gender discrimination related studies
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The article examines the Case between the Mississippi University for Women, (MUW) and Joe Hogan. Mr. Hogan challenge the school’s policy of only admitting women into their nursing program.
Issues
When gender discrimination is mentioned, it is often in the case of a women being discriminated against. In this article Joe Hogan filed a lawsuit against MUW because he was denied admission due to his gender. In the district court he was denied preliminary injunctive relief. However, this decision was later overturned by the Supreme Court. The university was trying to hold on to its tradition. While Mr. Hogan was trying to get an education and a degree from a school near his home in Columbus, Mississippi.
Decision
The Supreme Court
in Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan overturned the lower court’s decision to denied preliminary injunctive relief to Mr. Hogan. The Court held that the state did not provide a strong enough justification for the gender-based distinction. The state's primary argument that the policy constituted educational affirmative action for women, was did not persuade the Court because women traditionally have not lacked opportunities to enter nursing. The court ruled that the school’s policy violated Mr. Hogan’s 14th Amendment rights. Personal Comments In most cases Mississippi finds itself on the wrong side of history when it tries to uphold traditions that are discriminatory. I was no different in this case. The twist in this case was the state was discriminating against a white male. At the College and Career Technical Institute in Pascagoula, Mississippi, we strive to recruit male nursing students.
Moreover, education can also be halted due to ones gender. This is so in the case of Carrie Bishop. Because she is female, her father will not pay for nursing school. If not for Miles, Carrie's liberal brother and graduate of Berea College, she would have stayed at home and become the traditional homemaker. Another way her education was stunted is not due to anyone persons prevention but by her own personality and physical appearance.
Historically, females have been discriminated against in the United States based solely on their gender. Gender or sex discrimination may be described as the unfair treatment of a person in their employment because of that person's sex. It is illegal to discriminate based on sex and it may result in negative effects on employment include pay, position and title, advancements and training opportunities or whether or not an individual is hired or fired from a job.
Duke University, a female place kicker alleged sexual discrimination when she was not selected for Duke Universities football team, one of the contact sports in the Title IX regulations. Although no woman had ever participated on the team Duke University did not specifically say that football at the university was not a coed team (Stevens, 2004). North Carolina district court granted the university’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that the “regulation did not contain an exception for any particular position that may not require physical contact” (Stevens, 2004). On Appeal, the fourth circuit court reviewed the “separate teams” subsection of Title IX and noted that Duke University had allowed this woman to tryout for coed sports team deeming her qualified to be a member of the team (Stevens, 2004). The verdict in this case is the first documented case awarding punitive damages in a Title IX athletics related case. Title IX’s purpose is to prevent discrimination against women in educational forums, but by institutions diminishing Title IX’s mandate, the commission is allowing and justifying the rationalization of on going discrimination against
...ousness-raising" groups, which rapidly expanded in number. These women met to discuss the injustice of "sexism," an equivalent to racism; they began to start many feminist projects, such as health collectives, day care centers, rape crisis centers, abortion counseling services and women’s study programs. In the 1970’s they focused on three issues: equality in education/employment, access to legal abortions and the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Congress also approved Title IX of the Higher Education Act. This Act prohibited bias on the basis of sex in any educational program that received federal resources. So, many universities and military academies that was once all-male were forced to accept women students. While great strides were made in women’s equality, the wage discrepancy between men and women for the same jobs remains prevalent today.
IV. Issues: (1) Is VMI’s admission policy of excluding female prospective applicants exempt from 14th Amendment’s equal-protection due to their goals and methods of instruction? (2) Does the establishment of a separate, female-only institution provide an adequate alternative?
Angelou once said, “The people may forget the nurses name, but they will never forget how that nurse made them feel.” Nursing is a profession. Unfortunately, nursing does not always get the credit it deserves because of these stereotypes. Nursing is not a gay profession for males. Due to the shortage of nurses, our society needs more nurses now than never. Nurses make a difference in almost every person’s lives just not in hospital rooms but also in schools and clinics. Nursing in not easy job but somebody has to do it. There has to those individuals who must take on this challenge and be the difference in someone’s life. People could not care if someone considers them a failure for being a nurse and not a doctor. Most doctors could not do their job effectively without the help and assistance of nurses. The money is there for those who think nurses does not get paid that much. Healthcare is one of the biggest factors in our world, and for our world to progress further, an increase in employment for nursing is necessary. These stereotypes should not and will not stop the field of nursing from
Although nursing has not always been considered a profession, it has been known in the Unites States for many centuries. In the 1900s, women were not educated in medical art, but men always counted on them to take care of the sick or wounded people. With the organization of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the Unites States, the history of nursing started. It became clear to people all across the United States that preparation was needed to protect the sick the injured and sick from unskilled nurses, who had no well-known knowledge to give the proper care to injured. In the early 1900s, almost all of the United States passed a nurse licensure law. Training hours became shorter and qualifications were strictly enforced for attending nursing schools. During the Great Depression, nurses attending school had a difficult time. The Works Progress Administration used most nurses. The Civil Works Administration employed others to help better the depression. ”Virginia Henderson, who is well known as ‘the first lady of nursing’ graduated from the Army School of Nurs...
Women are changing the nation through their hard work and dedication. In the nursing profession, Faye Glenn Abdellah transformed the career as a nursing researcher through nursing theory, nursing care, and nursing education. Faye Abdellah is a woman who is not afraid to cross boundaries if it was for the welfare a patient. When she used to teach at Yale University, she was forced to educate from a textbook that had no scientific background to nursing principles. Being the activist that she is, Abdellah decided to take matters into her own hands. The educator burned the books in a fire at the Yale University courtyard (McAuliffe, 1998, p. 215). Needless to say, Abdellah is a captivating woman as she is a leader in the nurse research and nurse science field. As a leader and advocate, Faye Abdellah is the first female to serve as Deputy Surgeon General in the military. As a researcher, she directed the nursing theory from disease-centered to patient-centered. As an educator, Abdellah also established the first nurse scientist program (Maryland Nurses Association, 2012). Through her extraneous efforts, Abdellah is an admirable nurse who pioneered and contributed greatly to the nursing profession.
Schipani, C. (2013). Class Action Litigation After Dukes: In Search of a Remedy for Gender Discrimination in Employment. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 46(4), 1249-1277.
1. In 2001, almost fifteen million students attended postsecondary institutions in the United States and more than half of these students were women. Of these female students, ninety-eight percent of them attended coeducational institutions, but only two percent of them attended women's colleges (Langdon 2). While this data statistically documents American society's strong belief in the value of coeducation, it also highlights the recent decline in the popularity of women's colleges. As American society has come to believe that the problem of inequality in the education of men and women is no longer pertinent due to the fact that women are now afforded access to higher education, the country has discredited the validity of women's single-sex education. However, the surviving women's colleges are challenging this access-based definition of equality by renewing their mission statements and strengthening their educational goals. By refusing to equate equality of access with equality of opportunity and therefore recognizing the gender inequalities present in the educational system, women's colleges currently serve as the best way to prepare female students for active participation in the public sphere.
Barbara J. White and Janet S. Fulton wrote an integrative review researching the experiences African American nurses had while attending a predominately white nursing program. African American’s are extremely underrepresented in U.S. nursing programs. The majority of nursing students feel isolated from their peers due to a lack of African American students in general. Some students even mentioned being the only African American student in their class. They found it hard to be part of the groups which made participating in class and study groups difficult. Many of the students acted “white” to try in fit in with their classmates, however then they felt isolated from their own peer groups. In some situation faculty made it harder to fit in due
Furthermore, the lack of male teachers and male role models in nursing education programs enhance the discrimination issues. In the absence of male teachers, male students remain exposed to a female dominated teaching faculty, in addition to feminine orientated interpretations of the nursing profession (Mohamed, Mohamed, 2015). It was perceive male and female student’s encounter different learning experiences, however this was based on the sexist fact men lack maternal instinct. Also observed in practical classroom settings teachers generally selected males for gender role-play activities and rarely selected males for the nurse role. Evidently, nurse educators frequently refer to a nurse in a female context during teaching situations, furthermore nursing textbooks project a strong feminine tone. The exclusion of male nursing students from certain practical and clinical training programs can negativity impact a students future career decisions (Kouta, Kaite, 2011). Improvements to teacher training and the updating of nursing resources, acknowledging nurses of both gender, can facilitate positive male student nurse outcomes to future career pathways (Mohamed, Mohamed,
...ies of the nursing care was provided by drunkards and former convicts. What was also reported was that their city’s courts were giving the prostitutes of going to prison or going into hospital service. Long before social reforms and some physicians in the United States espoused the idea that provisions of safe nursing care was important and best delivered by persons who received a formal education in nursing. At the end of the 19th century wealthy philanthropists, nurses provided care to the sick poor patients in their homes and provided them with food and medical supplies. In 1919 a Committee for the study of Nursing Education was established to examine the state of both public health and nursing education. The committee’s published report that nurse educators receive the advanced education that is required for them. No one cared to make all the changes just some.
Women are changing the nation through their hard work and dedication. In the nursing profession, Faye Glenn Abdellah transformed the career as a nursing researcher through nursing theory, nursing care, and nursing education. Faye Abdellah is a woman who is not afraid to cross boundaries if it was for the welfare a patient. When she used to teach at Yale University, she was forced to educate from a textbook that had no scientific background to nursing principles. Being the activist that she is, Abdellah decided to take matters into her own hands. The educator burned the books in a fire at the Yale University courtyard (McAuliffe, 1998, p. 215). Needless to say, Abdellah is a captivating woman as she is a leader in the nurse research and science field. As a leader and advocate, Faye Abdellah is the first female to serve as Deputy Surgeon General in the military. As a researcher, she directed the nursing theory from disease-centered to patient-centered. As an educator, Abdellah established the first nurse scientist program (Maryland Nurses Association, 2012). Through her extraneous efforts, Abdellah is an admirable nurse who pioneered and contributed greatly to the nursing profession.
According to Ralph Waldo Emerson, we live in a society of conformity that is, "in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members . . . the virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion" (Emerson, 21). Since Civil War Nursing, women in the work force have been faced with this dilemma of self-reliance and conformity. As women have been discriminated against, and referred to as inferior to men, it has not been an easy task to over come the social barriers, without giving in to conformity, especially when it comes to the work place. As their role in the Civil War, nurses "fulfilled more of a replacement mother position, rather than a healthcare provider"(Hamway, 2001).