Micro- and macro-organisms are habitually associated with interactions shaping contrasting environments between different host-microbial communities {{59 Hughes-Martiny, J.B. 2006;}}. These interactions are microbial dominated as microbes outnumber host cells by many orders of magnitude {{68 Savage, D.C. 1977;}} and provide metabolic functions lacking from the host {{69 Gill, S.R. 2006;}}. Naturally occurring populations can also include interactions between host-pathogens colonization {{16 Critzer, F.J. 2010;}} or health and disease states{{20 Frank, D.N. 2007; 21 Ley, R.E. 2005;}}. Interactions may elude to the importance of symbiotic or mutualistic relationship in community structure {{22 Ley, R.E. 2008; 40 Walter, J. 2010; 38 Oh, P.L. 2010; 39 Frese, S.A. 2011;}}.
Ecosystems, including engineered ones, are complex systems in which microorganisms occur in heterogeneous communities. Their behavior in the environment is often unknown due to the lack of proper detection and identification techniques. There has been a long-standing need for more accurately assessing microbial ecosystems {{70 Stahl, D.A. 1988;}}. Historically microbial ecology was reductive based on solely on the ability of microbes to be cultured, analyzed, and enumerated {{10 Mack, W.N. 1977;}}; microbes meeting this criterion were thought to comprise the dominating members of the environments they were isolated from, however most environments are dominated by uncultured microorganisms. In some environments it is estimated that as many as 99% of the endogenous species are uncultivable with existing methodologies {{74 Amann, R.I. 1995;}}. This means that any survey of microbial community members relying solely on culture-based techniques such as plate counts or ...
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...ant bacteria comprising spinach and fecal isolates. However, if rare species are more important in detecting differences between wholesome and contaminated foods then a much deeper characterization of the microbiome may be required.20
Community profiling through massively parallel sequencing is still time consuming and highly technical, therefore is limited to laboratory settings. To implement risk management techniques, candidates from sequencing relating to a high risk of fecal contamination will need to be analyzed through other methods. Quantitative real-time PCR is an attractive application for this as it allows for 96 different reactions to be completed simultaneously within a few hours. If high risk microbial candidates can be identified and established, future work would focus on implementing alternative methods that could be utilized in the food industry.
After 48 hours of incubation the agar plates were viewed. Individual colonies were tested for successful isolation by gram staining and then viewing the stained bacteria under a microscope. Isolation was successful. One colony of each unknown bacteria was transferred to an agar slant for growth. The agar slants were stored at room temperature over the weekend so that they would not grow too much.
The purpose of this study is to identify an unknown bacterium from a mixed culture, by conducting different biochemical tests. Bacteria are an integral part of our ecosystem. They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species. These biochemical tests are process of elimination that relies on the bacteria’s ability to breakdown certain kinds of food sources, their respiratory abilities and other biochemical conditions found in nature.
Jennifer Ackerman's main focus in her article The Ultimate Social Network, is that of the functions concerning bacteria within humans. Although scientists have had presumptions about humans being proficient in governing their body’s innermost structure, they soon come to recognize the sophistication of our inner space which holds an extensive plethora of bacteria and other microorganisms that lie within each and every one of us. Moreover, scientists' new and emerging view of how the human body operates, and the cause of increasing present-day diseases (i.e. obesity and different autoimmune disorders) are uncovered by analyzing effects of certain microbe species in our bodies. By italicizing on points such as the above, in conjunction with bacteria's genetic variations, and modern computing technology, the author proves that scientists are quickly progressing with the characterization the most prevalent species of microbes, which, in her opinion, is definitely paying off.
There are many reasons that disease is a necessary part of an ecosystem. First, and most obvious, is the fact that it is one of nature’s natural checks. This means that nature, in an attempt to control population and insure a balanced ecosystem, constantly checks itself. Disease is an integral part of these checks, as it cuts down
The purpose of this project was to identify unknown bacteria species from a mixed culture. The two unknown species were initially plated onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB), Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), and blood agar plates to distinguish between the two different bacteria using colony size, color, shape, and growth characteristics. By identifying and inoculating the differing types of colonies, the two unknown bacteria were purified and able to be tested
The purpose of the study is to identify an unknown microorganism using multiple microbiology lab techniques. Through this process I will gain knowledge on how to perform these techniques as well as the importance of these tests on identifying unknown microorganisms. This is significant as the goal of this course is to familiarize ourselves with the common microbiology tests as well as the microorganisms we encounter in our daily activities.
This essay will focus on how gut bacteria can affect weight and, the mutualistic relationship between gut bacteria and the human in maintaining normal health.
Disease and parasitism play a pervasive role in all life. Many of these diseases start with microparasites, which are characterized by their ability to reproduce directly within an individual host. They are also characterized by their small size, short duration of infection, and the production of an immune response in infected and recovered individuals. Microparasites which damage hosts in the course of their association are recognized as pathogens. The level of the interaction and the extent of the resultant damage depends on both the virulence of the pathogen, as well as the host defenses. If the pathogen can overcome the host defenses, the host will be damaged and may not survive. If on the other hand the host defenses overcome the pathogen, the microparasite may fail to establish itself within the host and die.
Naegleria fowleri is a single-celled, protozoan pathogen found in fresh bodies of water and soil around the world (Skurie; Byrd 8). It thrives in the layer of sediment at the bottom of lakes and ponds. (Skurie). When living in soil, the N. fowleri, along with other protozoa microbes, clings to plant roots searching for bacteria (Byrd 261). This pathogen is a free-living pathogen classified as an amphizoic amoeba therefore it survives in a free state throughout soil and fresh water while having the ability to be a pathogen (Marciano-Cabral, “Immune”). It primarily seeks bacteria due to an inability to create food (Byrd 27); however, N. fowleri will attack a host if given the opportunity. In addition, it has been proven pathogens of the brain are often able to control the actions of their host to better suit the pathogen’s needs. An example may be to cause the host to have a high body temperature, wanting to stay warmer, or sleeping more often (Byrd 225). This microbe is typically found in the form of trophozoite, cyst, o...
...standing the nature of relationship between the residing microbes inside human cells and about their function is very important to put an end to this war and to live in peace with the natural organisms that are benefitting human body and their survival has become our primary importance.
The mention of the latest salmonella outbreak is often enough to make anyone’s stomach turn—people in the US and other countries have long maintained a strong aversion to, and even anxiety towards, the very idea of salmonella entering the food supply. It is this fear that drives the government and the agricultural industry, which are also prey to the overwhelming dread of the salmonella contamination, to take extreme measures to prevent the slightest risk of salmonella contamination and that continually puts the public on edge—but despite this widespread apprehension, much of the public remains ignorant of what salmonella really is. For many, it is but an ominous nam...
Diabetes is a metabolic disease, that causes a person to have high blood pressure. There are two kinds of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is the loss of insulin producing cells, leading to a deficiency of insulin. Type 2 diabetes is where the person is insulin resistant. Insulin is a peptide hormone, which causes cells to absorb the various glucose it requires. Type 2 diabetes is the most widespread endocrine disease worldwide. Metagenome wide associated study took on a study that was based on the determination of type 2 diabetes and relationship to gut microbial by using the deep shot gun sequencing of the gut microbial. The study consisted of 345 Chinese's individuals that were used to help find any relationships. 60000 type 2 diabetes associated markers were used and linked to type 2 diabetes. Gut microbes are living organisms that live in the gut and the digestive tract. Patients with type 2 diabetes were characterized by a moderate degree of gut microbial symbiosis. Symbiosis is a interaction between different microbial organisms, there are various types of symbiosis such as mutalistic, parasitic and communalistic. The abundance of butyrate producing bacteria as well as the opportunistic pathogens were determined as well. Enrichment of microbial functions due to sulphate reduction and oxidative stress resistance was found. Further studies were also performed with addition of individuals to the study. Gut microbial markers may be useful for classifying type 2 diabetes.
People from various parts of the world have different features that can be used to identify where they originate. The question of whether or not human races truly exist is now a prevalent one in the scientific community. Some scientists believe that race is biologically meaningless while others believe that race can be used to determine medical treatment for a person (Jorde & Wooding, 2004). Although there are genes that determine the different physical characteristics of people their genetic variation is mainly due their geographic location. There is some biological basis for the phenotypic differences in humans, but the way we define and understand these differences are flawed. There is no individual trait or gene that separates members of one race from all the members of another race (Brace & Gill, 2000).
Stout, M.A, et al. "Microbiology Lab Notebook". Lab handbook. University of Texas. Arlington. 2014. Print.
Knowledge is power when discussing the classes you have taken in college and how it affects your everyday life. Microbiology is one of those important classes where although for a majority of majors you do not have to take it and therefore will not learn the information discussed in it, other majors such as biology and nursing require you to take it. They will require you to take it because you will encounter some of the information being taught in it in the work field. As a nurse practitioner I have worked in the field with many patients who were diagnosed with Leprosy, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and other bacterial diseases. All of these diseases that I have encountered in patients were ones I was familiar with due to learning about them as a student in microbiology at CSUB. My children plan on