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Importance of logic to mathematics
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For the purposes of this paper, a grasp of the differences between logical, metaphysical, and natural supervenience will be sufficient to understand the arguments put forth by materialists, property dualists, and eliminativists. Logical supervenience can be characterized by the claim: B-properties supervene logically on A-properties if it is logically impossible for two situations to have the same B-properties without also sharing the same A-properties. Another way of thinking about this is to consider what it would be in God's power to create. It would be impossible for God to create a world in which, for example, bachelors were married. Due to the meanings of those two terms, it is logically impossible for a bachelor to be married. Therefore,
... middle of paper ... ... Everything is basically relative and is what each separate person perceives it to be, just like the answers to the infinite questions posed by The Turn of the Screw. Works Cited Burrows, Stuart.
American Philosophical Quarterly 21, no. 3 (1984): 227-36.
In the critique of pure reason, Kant states, “All alternations occur in accordance with the law of the connection of cause and effect.”1 This statement is interpreted in two different ways: weak readings and strong readings. Weaker readings basically suggest that Kant's statement only refers to “All events have a cause”; however, the strong readings suggest that “the Second Analogy is committed not just to causes, but to causal laws as well.”2 To understand the difference between the readings, it is helpful to notice Kant's distinction between empirical laws of nature and universal transcendental principles. Empirical laws have an empirical element that universal transcendental principles cannot imply. On the other hand, empirical experiences require necessity to become a law, accordingly, “the transcendental laws “ground” the empirical laws by supplying them with their necessity.”3In this paper, according to this distinction, I first, argue that the second analogy supports the weak reading, second, show how in Prolegomena he uses the concept of causation in a way that is compatible to the strong reading, and third, investigate whether this incongruity is solvable.
... reality of objects, but it may not have the ability to be proven beyond any doubt, and is thus less certain than the logical inquiry.
In this term paper, I have tried to tackle the metaphysical issues of consciousness by first defining consciousness and doing a thorough study about the term. Then I proceeded to the metaphysical aspects of consciousness, examining and understanding them.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig; G. E. M. Anscombe, P.M.S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte (eds. and trans.). Philosophical Investigations. 4th edition, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print.
Book XII of the Metaphysics opens with a clear statement of its goal in the first line of Chapter One: to explore substances as well as their causes and principles. With this idea in mind, Chapter One delineates the three different kinds of substances: eternal, sensible substances; perishable, sensible substances; and immovable substances. The sensible substances are in the realm of natural sci...
In the construction of the Large Hardon Collider, physicists seek and hope to unlock the mysteries of the universe by analyzing the attributes of the most miniscule particles known to man. In the same way, theologians have argued back and forth over the course of human history with regards to the divine attributes of God, seeking and hoping to unlock the mysteries of the metaphysical universe. Although these many attributes, for example omnipresence, could be debated and dissected ad nauseum, it is within the scope of this research paper to focus but on one of them. Of these many divine attributes of God, nothing strikes me as more intriguing than that of God’s omnipotence. It is intriguing to me because the exploration of this subject not only promises an exhilarating exercise in the human faculties of logic, it also offers an explanation into the practical, such as that of the existence of evil, which we live amidst every day. So with both of these elements in hand, I am going to take on the task of digging deeper into the divine attribute of omnipotence in hopes of revealing more of the glory of God, and simultaneously bringing greater humility to the human thinker. In order to gain a better understanding on the subject of divine omnipotence, I am going to analyze four aspects of it. First, I am going to build a working definition of what we mean when we say that God is omnipotent. Second, I am going to discuss the relationship between divine omnipotence and logic. Third, I am going to discuss the relationship between God’s omnipotence and God’s timelessness. Last, I am going to analyze God’s omnipotence in relation to the existence of evil in the world. Through the analysis of these four topics in relation to om...
First off lets talk about the definition of marriage. Marriage can be defined many ways but they way we are “suppose” to follow doesn’t quiet fit what it is intended to do. What we are expected to believe about marriage is how it is between only a man and a woman. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary marriage is an intimate or close union between same sex or opposite sex couples (“marriage”). This means it’s a union
From the book of Proverbs, we are also told that God designed marriage and sex not only as a means for bringing children into this world, but also as God's appointed means for a man to find pleasure in his wife. In the New Testament, we are told that Jesus attended a wedding in Cana of Galilee and miraculously provided wine when their supplies were exhausted. The Apostle Paul also had a great deal to say about the covenant that God ordained between man and woman. Paul assumed that elders and deacons would be married and have bare children. Paul also encouraged younger widows to marry and he claimed the right as an apostle to lead a wife.
Russell’s Theory of Definite Description has totally changed the way we view definite descriptions by solving the three logical paradoxes. It is undeniable that the theory itself is not yet perfect and there can be objections on this theory. Still, until now, Russell’s theory is the most logical explanation of definite description’s role.
The problem of universals has been one of the most debated topics in philosophy. This problem has been the topic of many great works and thinkers dating back to ancient Greece with Aristotle and Socrates all the way up to modern times. There are two extremes in which individuals agree with, that of realism, and that of nominalism. Several philosophers fall somewhere in-between these extremes, but all ultimately choose a side. To begin in this conversation the terms nominalism, realism and universals must first be explained. We will then look into some of the beliefs of each, and I will explain why I believe nominalism to be the correct view.
A logically self-contradictory utterance is not only false, it cannot possibly describe anything. Therefore, it may also be called an impossible description. A tautological utterance, on the other hand, says something true, but it supplies no new information about the world. Therefore, from a common sense point of view, it is a superfluous description. There are at least, I will show, three other kinds of utterances which adequately can be called impossible descriptions and three which can be called superfluous descriptions. Only views which belong ...
There are varieties of passages in the Old Testament that discuss the metaphor of marriage for the relationship between God/Israel. In the Old Testament, God’s relation with Israel is portrayed as a relationship between husband and wife. The book of Genesis two discuss about the creation of man and woman. Genesis two, God created man and gave him everything in the Garden of Eden, except for the tree of knowledge. God put man in the garden to take care of it. Adam was alone so God made a woman by taking one of the ribs from Adam. This metaphor can be reflected as how God wants to have a relationship with Israel. In Genesis two, God created humans to be the object of His love and creation.
Genesis 2:24 says that ‘Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one flesh.’ From this perspective marriage can be defined as “a sacred and permanent covenant witnessed and guaranteed by God.” Therefore it is not merely a contract between a husband and a wife but according to Scripture, it is a serious covenant between husband and wife. In a covenant marriage “there is a deeper commitment, a stronger love, and an abiding because God is the senior partner.” Marriage denotes a special, exclusive, and permanent relationship that should only be broken by death. The marriage relationship is so important that God chose it