Memory Strategies 2
Abstract
The research is demonstrating the use of memory strategy in an educational setting; this study examines the use of chunking on telephone numbers by students on campus. There were a total of 40 students that participated, and they were split into two groups consisting of 20 students per group. The control group used chunking as their memory strategy for memorizing a list of 10 telephone numbers. In contrast, the experimental group has used no specific strategy to memorize the list of numbers that was given to them. Each group was given 15 minutes to memorize their list of 10 telephone numbers and they had 5 minutes to write it down on paper. People that used memory strategies has shown to have memorized more telephone numbers, than people who don’t use any memory strategy to remember their list of numbers.
Memory Strategies 3
Memory Strategies and Chunking
People have shown to have better recall on certain tasks when they use specific memory strategies. There are many types of strategies that people can use to improve their memory, but everyone has an effective strategy that suites them most. For activities involving memorizing a list of 10 telephone numbers, chunking would be the best method because it helps aids the sequence of numbers. People can remember about seven items give or take two, which is between five and nine items (Shiffrin, R. M., & Nosofsky, R. M. 1994). There’s a certain amount of items that everyone can store in their short-term memory. That’s why it’s important for people to find an effective way of remembering all of the information.
Relatively large amounts of information are contained in a small number of units by chunking items together into composite units (Bousfield, A. K., & Bousfield, W. A. 1966). A strategy like chunking can be used to break larger units into smaller ones, so people can have an easier way of comprehending the information that is given to them. This process of separating the items can help a person learn things step by step, which increases their chances of recall. Telephone numbers can be separated into 3 groups, for instance 847 - 504 – 8761. People can start by memorizing 847, then 504 and finally 8761, instead of trying to remember the numbers all together....
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14. Tape Recorded Lecture 1
In this study, 13 people have answered “No,” when they were asked if they used any specific memory strategies. There was 10 people that has used the recall and recite method to memorize things, 8 people used word association to try relate materials to something their familiar with. Also, there were 7 people that wrote information down in order to rehearse it, while 5 people used flashcards to go over their material. There are 3 groups of 2 people that used color coding, reading things out loud and making a note to remember things. On the contrary, there are 5 groups of memory strategies that a person has used: they practice with others, meditate; remember things by listening, sing a song or rhyme and tape-recorded the lecture. The students who have used memory strategies mentioned above, are the ones that have scored higher on recall.
Memory Strategies 12
N= 40 (19 Hispanic/Spanish Descent, 13 Black/African-American, 7 Asian/ Pacific Islander & 1 Other)
N= 40 (32 Females & 8 Males)
The United States offers some of the most established and advanced health care in the world. Practitioners and administers are constantly trying to improve the quality of care received by patients in the US. Data has consistently shown that the presence of a registered nurse contributes directly to positive patient outcomes (Cho et al., 2016). The debate across the country, however, concerns the precise number of staff required to provide safe, high-quality care. The issue of safe staffing is one that is of great importance to all involved in the delivery of health care across the country.
Hepatitis B virus infection is caused by a DNA virus belonging to the hepadnaviridae family of viruses. Approximately 2.2 million people in the United States of America are infected with Hepatitis B virus. Many of these patients, though they appear healthy, continue to spread the virus to others. Hepatitis B virus infection can be transmitted in the following ways: contact with contaminated blood (shared needles), sexual contact, and from mother to child. Unlike Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B is not spread through food, water, or causal contact. 95% of adults who get Hepatitis B can clear the virus through their system. However the remainder of the adults go on to develop chronic hepatitis B infection. This can
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a virus that leads to infection of the liver. Infection of the HBV can be acute or lifelong (chronic). Humans are the only known host for HBV (CSC, 2017). This virus can survive on environmental surfaces for up to seven days (WHO, 2017).
In the health care industry, nurse to patient ratios is often a controversial issue. Registered nurses know and continue to reiterate the importance of safe staffing levels in health care facilities. Reductions in nursing budgets, coupled with the expanding nursing shortage, has resulted in a reduction of available nursing staff. As a result, the employed nursing staff are forced to work longer hours with more acutely ill patients. Consequently, patient care is compromised and ultimately perpetuates the nursing shortage because of this negative work environment. Providing safe quality health care is expensive. Health care facilities are always in search of ways to trim spending while maintaining the same quality of care. One of the methods in which hospitals trim the spending budget is through labor reduction. Tempting as this may seem, this method presents a massive dilemma to providing safe quality care. Less staff coupled with large patient workloads will lead to adverse patient outcomes. Evidence shows that it is more cost effective to maintain safe staffing levels and prevent adverse patient outcomes versus the estimated savings of labor reduction. Maintaining safe nurse to patient ratios reduces patient
Hepatitis B is a DNA viral infection that causes damage and inflammation to the liver. It was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. The HBV virus is very contagious and is even thought to be the most serious form of viral hepatitis and the most common viral infection on Earth. “HBV is 100 times more infectious than HIV.” (Green, 2002, pg. 7) The virus can survive for about one week outside the body on a dry surface. According to Green (2002, pg. 7), “One in twenty Americans has been infected with the virus at some point in their lives.” Between the ages of 15-39 is when 75% of new HBV infections occur, according to Green (2002, pg.8).
Hepatitis B (HBV) is a blood-borne viral liver infection with various routs of transmission. It is one of the most common and serious liver diseases in the world and a leading cause of death worldwide. If the infection becomes chronic the infection can lead to liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood and infected bodily fluid. This can happen several ways. First, it can be from direct blood-to-blood contact. This can happen when an individual get a blood transfusion from an infected individual. These cases were more popular when doctors didn’t test blood samples for viruses before a blood transfusion. Secondly, it can be transmitted from unprotected sex. An individual may become infected when they have unprotected sexual intercou...
Health care organizations are focused on providing high quality and safe patient care. There are numerous organizational factors that may directly affect patient care and outcomes, but one of great importance is nurse staffing. Low nurse staffing levels are a major problem that I have encountered during both my clinical and management experiences. There is a significant relationship between inadequate staffing levels and adverse patient outcomes; however, as I observed during my experiences, there may be increased awareness about this issue, but it has not been sufficiently addressed. In order to ensure patients’ safety and positive outcomes, as well as to improve nurse satisfaction, it is imperative to effectively address low staffing levels.
Even at a relatively young age, I can attest nobody is perfect. Everybody I have ever met has proven this notion time and time again; it is one of the many inevitable downfalls of human nature. Lust, one of the seven deadly sins, is a common point of controversy at the moment. Due to an unseeingly uncontrollable physical attraction toward someone or something, this feeling and action never seem to result in a positive outcome. Currently, marital infidelity is at an all time high, caused from various sources including some of the following: a larger availability and accessibility to divorce, a higher value placed on other aspects of life, and publically available pornography for younger individuals. Nevertheless, a global, upward trend of infidelity is evident with some very obvious reasoning behind it.
In this experiment, the effect of chunking on memory retrieval will be explored. The aim of this research is to see how chunking in well-known terms would affect the way we encode information into our memory. The experiment investigated the effects of chunking on the capacity of STM (shot term memory) on cognition. The cognitive process involves the encoding, storage, and recall of information. Through this reason we can store newly acquired information and use prior knowledge.This experiment will be a based on research made by George Miller (1956). Miller demonstrated his theory in Short term store being limited by space, however, allows increase in capacity with smart methods such as chunking. He further looked upon studies relevant to chunking. By using Claude Shannon’s mathematical theory of information being measurable, Miller’s calculations showed that on average people could remember a string of plus or minus seven figures (letters or numbers) and only four or five words. Chunking is a technique where numbers and letters are grouped into units, more effective when meaningful.
Miller talks about how the human’s short-term memory works. Miller believed that the human mind could not process more than seven things, plus or minus two at one time. Miller showed that the chucking of important meaningful information could help recall information better. For example, when we are trying to remember a phone number we group the numbers into groups, the first three (the area code) the middle three and the last four. This helps us remember them easier.
A very well known paper to those in the psychology world is The magical number seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing information, published by George A. Miller. This paper published in 1959 is used to explain how many things a person can remember at once. Miller stated that people can remember “seven, plus or minus two”, so around 5-9 things at once. Remembering around an average of only 7 things at a time seems inconvenient, however by chunking important information together more things can be recalled.
With all of his experiments he also came to the conclusion that we remember things better in “chunks”. This idea of grouping things, such as numbers, into smaller groups are easier to remember and work with. Miller’s theory of chunking had even lead to the Washington Post Editorial Board to argue against the U.S. Postal Services that had proposed a nine digit ZIP code system, which would have been harder for people to remember. In fact, Millers chunking system is still used today in phone numbers, social security numbers, and much more. Miller became the leader in the study of short term memory due to all of his experiments and his paper became the most frequently quoted in psychology.
Mnemonic instruction refers to instructional or learning strategies designed specifically to improve memory. Mnemonics are useful for improving initial learning and long term recall. Well known mnemonics developers, Mastropieri and Scruggs (1991)explain that they provide a means of specifically helping both in the aspects of increased information recall, and in providing effective strategies which, when applied, help in retrieving the information (as cited in Sener & Belfiore, 2005). Mastropieri and Scruggs have done extensive work with mnemonics and highlight their particular use in developing improved ways of taking in (encoding) information so that recall (retrieval) from memory is easier. A mnemonic strategy works to relate new information