Task 2
Identification of International Outbreak (Measles) Measles is an acute viral illness caused by measles virus. It is highly contagious disease and can cause serious complications such as encephalitis, pneumonia and death. Its symptoms starts with cough, runny nose, sore throat and red eyes. It is followed by rash all over the body. Most of the measles cases in the United States were imported from the other countries. As it remains a common disease in Asia, Africa, the pacific and areas in Europe. I want to discuss the Measles outbreak in Alabama in 2002.
Details of International Measles outbreak An outbreak of 13 confirmed cases of Measles occurred in Alabama during October 19 to November 15, 2002. Out of 13 cases 11 infants were
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A consulting physician on November 3, 2002 suspected Measles on these 3 infants. All three infants shared the same room in the same daycare center. The Alabama Department of Public Health confirmed Measles in these infants. From the same day care center ADPH identified two more cases of Measles, 9 months old and a 10 months old infant. They also shared the same room in a day care center. Initially 9 months old infant was hospitalized during October 19-23 and diagnosed with dengue fever. Later the child was reclassified as unknown origin fever. Before departure from USA to Philippines the infant had been administered immunoglobulin. Eventually in all five infants Measles was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing. (CDC, …show more content…
This will affect child's education. Measles outbreak also affects the hospitals and clinics operational systems. The high ratio of infected patients need more staff, medicines, and other resources. There will be shortage of staff and hospitals beds due to increase number of measles patients. To control the disease the government has to utilize more funds. The high demands of drugs may thrive the business especially pharmaceuticals.
Reporting Protocol It is mandated to report suspected or confirmed communicable disease under the New York State sanitary code (10NYCRR2.10, 2.14). Measles should be reported immediately to New York local health department where the patient resides. Reporting can be done by phone call or by reporting measles form PD-16. For example, in schools the school nurse will notify about the measles outbreak to communicable disease Liaison and then the Liaison will forward case to epidemiologist after blood testing and confirmation of measles disease.
Strategies to prevent outbreak in
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was first discovered in 1977, subsequent to outbreaks in Newmarket, United Kingdom and Ireland affecting Thoroughbred populations (Timoney, 2011). Following these outbreaks of CEM, a ban on the importation of horses into the United States from the UK, Ireland and France was put into effect (Schulman et al., 2013). Despite implementation of strict requirements concerning the import of breeding horses from countries known or suspected to be affected by CEM, the first United States outbreak was reported within a year of the discovery of the disease (Timoney, 2011). According to Timoney (2011), the U.S. outbreak in 1978 affected Thoroughbred horses in Kentucky and the source of the outbreak was determined to be two stallions imported from France. The 1978 outbreak of CEM in Kentucky resulted in a total economic loss of 13.55 million, with about 1 million dollars lost for every day mares were not successfully bred and movement restrictions were in place (Timoney, 2011).
second event was the epidemic of rubella measles that occurred in the United States. This
Wallace, J.M. ( 2014 May 19 )Measles, Mumps Outbreaks put Ohio at center of nationwide surge of vaccine preventable illnesses ;Cleveland Plain Dealer; retrieved from www.cleveland .com/health fit
SEDSS, operated by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Department of Health of Puerto Rico (PRDH), is a platform for conducting population-based studies to better define the etiology and epidemiology of dengue-like acute febrile illnesses. For the purpose of this investigation, CHIKV cases will be define as a patient enrolled in SEDSS that had laboratory evidence of CHIKV infection (i.e., anti-CHIKV IgM, RT-PCR) and severity CHIKV cases are defined as those who were hospitalized and admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) or died.
The syndrome was first described in 1922, when the American pediatricians Albert Mason Stevens and Frank Chambliss Johnson reported the cases of 2 boys aged 7 and 8 years with "an extraordinary, generalized eruption with continued fever, inflamed buccal mucosa, and severe purulent conjunctivitis". Both cases had been misdiagnosed by primary care physicians as hemorrhagic measles (Foster, 2011).
Changes in the way cases of valley fever are being detected and reported to public health officials, or
For example, in China, the measles vaccine consisting of two doses was first introduced in the National Expanded Program on Immunization. The Zhejiang provincial EPI program noticed that measles was beginning to decrease due to the vaccine, while mumps and rubella was still spreading. This is when the MMR vaccine was introduced and implemented. By 2007 the second dose of MV was replaced by the MMR vaccine. Following this development the rate of measles reached a historical low in 2011 due to the vaccine produced by the EPI. Not only did the cases of measles decrease but so did the cases of rubella with the introduction of the combined vaccine (He, n.p.). Additionally, a record 9,120 cases of pertussis were reported in California in 2010 the most since 1947. A study conducted by the American Academy of Pediatrics was done to determine how this disease was spreading. Their results showed that among other factors the large amount of unvaccinated children in one area was a major contributor to the clusters of pertussis. There was a strong correlation between communities with a large number of unvaccinated children and pertussis outbreaks in California. This could have been avoided due to the fact that pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease. The importance of vaccines can be seen through the results of this study, which show that parents intentionally avoiding the
... the rapid spread. The spread continue to grow higher and higher due to lack of fund in order to treat the illness, and therefore babies were being born with it. The rate of infection was as high as 12 percent in urban population and 5 percent in rural regions. The infection causes a large amount of infant deaths and displaced many children
Dian Fossey was so driven to protect mountain gorillas because they are an endangered species. Several threats have kept their population from thriving. One threat is disease, especially those which humans are equally as vulnerable to (Ferber, 2000). Tourists enjoy visiting the mountains of Rwanda to admire the gorillas and encourage their safety; however, humans help put mountain gorillas at risk. In 1999, a team of researchers with the Journal of Parasitology noted roundworm parasites in the feces of mountain gorillas (Ferber, 2000). These parasites normally have affected only humans through contaminated water. Early, in 1988, blood and tissue samples of several mountain gorillas indicated measles infection (Ferber, 2000).
In this paper I plan on focusing on a public health epidemic that is taking over the U.S.
Measles is a highly contagious disease. It is caused by an RNA virus that changes constantly. Measles symptoms usually include a bad cough, sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, sensitivity to light, and a very high fever. Red patches with white grain like centers appear along the gum line in the mouth two to four days after the first symptoms show. These patches are called Koplik spots because Henry Koplick first noticed them in 1896. The Spots are important to diagnose measles. A characteristic red rash in measles is red spots starting at the hairline and going down to the face, body, and limbs.
Now it is rare for a child to get the measles. The decline in the disease has been attributed to vaccinations and their high success rate. According to ‘Childhood Vaccinations are Important for Public Health”, “by vaccinating we will make sure these 14 diseases will not become everyday events for our children.”. There are quite a few reasons why parents should not vaccinate their children. Some believe that it will cause harm to their children because of rumors.
Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 11 Oct. 2006. Web. 03 June 2017.
Throughout human history disease has been linked to many facets of life and even the rise and fall of entire civilizations. Biological, social, political and economic forces have all influenced how the outbreak of disease is handled. Epidemics have altered history in how they have developed and the impact that they have had. In turn, epidemic management has been influenced by history and governments as humans have learned to cope with outbreaks and the social and political implications that result from them. Today, biomedical engineers, politicians, historians and social scientists are leading the battle in an attempt to understand and combat infectious diseases. This report will explore epidemic management and its historical relationship with the international political system. Issues will be investigated that range from the societal effects of epidemics, to observing today’s public policy debates regarding outbreaks to the possible reduction or even dissolution of conflict in exchange for food and medical technology between nations. Research has made it abundantly clear that humans must be vigilant in combating epidemics. By drawing on multiple disciplines, it is possible to implement a sound disease management plan that will control and reduce the spreading and mortality of infectious agents across the globe, as well as reduce tension and conflict between the developed and developing worlds.
Vaccinations: Requirements for vaccinations differ by country. While there may not be any restrictions on direct travel to and from the United States, there may be restrictions if individuals travel indirectly, by stopping over in one country before reaching their final destination. Vaccinations against typhus, typhoid, and other diseases are advisable even though they are not required. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) maintains a fax-back system and a homepage to advise travelers of current and accurate country and region conditions. To receive a document dial 888-232-3299 and follow the prompts. The CDC internet address is http://www.cdc.gov.