Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a member of the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus that have been associated with large sporadic epidemics (Schwartz & Albert, 2010) (Suhrbier, Jaffar-Bandjee, & Gasque, 2012). CHIKV is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitos of the genus Aedes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopticus (Torres, et al., 2015). This virus was first identified in 1952 in East Africa and later caused large outbreaks in tropical Asia and Africa (Sissoko, et al., 2009). Chikungunya fever is a re-emerging disease; appearing again in an outbreak in India, 2005, after being silent approximately 32 years (Mohan, Kiran, Manohar, & Kumar, 2010). International travels helps in the introduction of CHIK to different areas. In late 2013, the …show more content…
SEDSS, operated by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Department of Health of Puerto Rico (PRDH), is a platform for conducting population-based studies to better define the etiology and epidemiology of dengue-like acute febrile illnesses. For the purpose of this investigation, CHIKV cases will be define as a patient enrolled in SEDSS that had laboratory evidence of CHIKV infection (i.e., anti-CHIKV IgM, RT-PCR) and severity CHIKV cases are defined as those who were hospitalized and admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) or died. This descriptive analysis will provide information about the demographic profile, underlying medical conditions, clinical features, reasons for and duration of hospitalization, and patient outcome. The results of this investigation will be used to assist clinicians and other health professionals in better understanding the clinical course of chikungunya patients, and also to improve patient management by reducing over-hospitalization associated with
The discovery of yellow fever would have not been possible if people had not put aside their misconceptions of where diseases originated. Diseases in olden time were believed to be divine punishment to people who had committed bad deeds, and therefore not much was done to try to find cures for diseases like yellow fever. As defined by the World Health Organization, yellow fever an acute viral hemorrhagic diseases transmitted by infected mosquitoes, and a common characteristic of this disease is the development of jaundice which gave it the name "yellow" fever. The mosquito responsible for the transmission of the disease is the female Aedes aegypti mosquito. Her transmission of the disease occurs as a result of it biting an infected host and inside her body the virus multiplies, and afterwards if the mosquito bites someone that person becomes infected.
153 deaths have been associated with Chikungunya in the western hemisphere, stated by (Harvey, 2015). Mosquito-borne illnesses including Chikungunya has been prevalent in the Caribbean areas and is continuously spreading worldwide. Mosquito-borne diseases are virus that can only be transmitted through mosquitoes, which the virus can only be transmitted through a bite. Jamaica has encountered several mosquito-borne illnesses including Chikungunya, Malaria, and dengue. The name “chikungunya” is derived from a word in the Kimakonde language meaning “to become contorted” and describes the stooped appearance of sufferers with joint pain (Harvey, 2015). The virus has frequently been mistaken for dengue due to the similar signs and symptoms such as headache and joint pain. Joint pain, fever and vomiting are possible effects of Chikungunya in Jamaica.
Citicorp Case Analysis 1. What is the difference between a. and a What is the difference between primary and secondary capital? What is relevant to this case? Primary capital consists of common stock, perpetual preferred stock, surplus, undivided profits, mandatory convertible instruments (debt that must be convertible into stock or repaid with proceeds from the sale of equity), reserves from loan losses, and other capital reserves. These items are treated as permanent forms of capital because they are not subject to redemption or retirement.
Changes in the way cases of valley fever are being detected and reported to public health officials, or
There are a number of symptoms associated with quick detection of malaria they are, being irritable, troubled sleep, poor appetite and drowsiness. Soon after people infected usua...
Anheuser-Busch, an American brewing company of St. Louis, MO, sold itself to a rival European brewery, InBev, on July 14, 2008 for $70 per share. The $52 billion dollar offer will be paid for by InBev with cash, making it the largest to date cash transaction ever recorded. The merger of the two firms would create the largest brewery globally and would combine the brands of Anheuser-Busch which include Budweiser and Michelob with the likes of Stella Artois, Brahma, Bass, and Beck’s provided by InBev. The firms are expected to experience a significant cost savings of $1.5 billion per year by 2011 and experience overall profit gains by 2010, based on a company announcement. The transaction, will allow the Anheuser-Busch brands to expand their brand globally and allow them to reach new markets, something that will help Anheuser-Busch specifically who has struggled with market penetration outside of the U.S. InBev on the other hand, will benefit from the established name brand of Anheuser-Busch as well as Anheuser-Busch’s core competency of advertising which should allow InBev to expand its reach even further. InBev is expected to maintain management of Anheuser Busch and keep all of its breweries in the U.S. open, while also giving Anheuser Busch two seats on the combined firm’s board. InBev is expected to finance the acquisition with $45 billion worth of debt and issue $9.8 billion worth of new shares. The markets reacted positively to the announcement with Anheuser shares rising .8%, while rising 8.6% on July 11th the Friday before the transaction announcement. Inbev, however, was down 3.4%.
Many new viruses are emerging from the rainforest every year. The deadly viruses include the Ebola, Marburg, and AIDS viruses. They are some of the most destructive and lethal viruses that human kind has ever seen. They seem to affect most of the body and it?s organs with some rather gruesome symptoms. Although most die ending their suffering, some survive to relay the story of their pain. The Marburg virus described in “The Hot Zone” , by Richard Preston, exemplifies these new gruesome viruses well.
German construction industry had an extremely succesful period form 1988-1995 increasing elevator sales from 8000 units per year to 15500 units. This growth has to come to stagnancy and even decline as the elevator market is projected to contract by about 15% in 2000. The market can be broadly divided into 2 segments: new equipment and service with new equipment provider garnering upto 80% of the service contracts. Competion was intense in new equipment with intense price wars leading to negative margins. Profitability came from the servicing business. Servicing also saw steady demand.
In the story it talks about how in Texas only 64 outbreaks of dengue happened and how in Mexico 60,000 outbreaks happened, they think so many outbreaks happened in Mexico because the people that live in Texas have screens on their doors and windows but can easily add screens to the houses in Mexico. I don't think the OX513A is a safe
I gathered many clinical experiences related to both common and rare infectious diseases in SGH such as malaria, tuberculosis, dengue fever, Japanese Encephalitis. Besides, due to the demographic area of Borneo that is high density of tropical rain forest, cases of local people been bitten by snakes and crocodiles are more common in here than in other West Malaysia’s hospitals.
Infectious diseases are a constant threat to human populations across the globe. With the Chikungunya virus, for example, the world has witnessed the ease with which emerging infectious diseases can gain new footholds in more vulnerable territories, and further, how many deadly pathogens are rapidly acquiring resistance and becoming impervious to available treatments. The effective control of infectious diseases hinges on the capacity and robustness of an underlying public health infrastructure. The presence of this infrastructure, which includes its essential components, is the most critical factor in averting the increase in
Zika virus arrived in the United States last summer first reports in Brownsville, Texas and Miami, Florida. Causes birth defects on newborn baby’s that were born to some infected pregnant women. Baby’s are usually born with undeveloped heads and brain damage. Linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome, a condition where the immune system attacks the nerves. Mostly passed through mosquitos but can also be sexually transmitted. CDC advises pregnant women to postpone trips to south America Florida, South Texas or Mexico as this is where the disease mostly comes from. It was first identified in Uruguay in 1947. Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, the same type of mosquito that carries dengue fever, yellow fever, and chikungunya virus. Mosquitoes bite an infected
Dengue is an acute febrile viral disease transmitted by mosquitos. There are 4 antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus – DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. Each of the dengue virus serotypes is capable of causing severe dengue. Infection with one of the four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV 1-4) can cause severe dengue and early viral burdens. Most of the dengue virus infections are asymptomatic while the rest result in a broad spectrum of disease that differs in severity from mild undifferentiated fever, i.e. the classical dengue fever (DF), to the potentially serious complications known as dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) an...
Dengue fever is a tropical disease produced by a virus transmitted by a mosquito Aedes aegipti. This disease affects mainly tropical countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia and According to World Health Organization (WHO), dengue is a fast emerging pandemic-prone viral disease, and is one of four WHO future vaccine priorities. (WHO, 2013) Researchers in the United State, Brazil and Europe has been developing 4 vaccine candidates that are under clinical trials. These evaluations have been done in topical countries as Colombia, Brazil, Thailand and Singapore. Parallel to this race to develop a vaccine, has emerged a Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI) to speed the introduction of these vaccine in developing countries using the knowledge and expertise of researchers there. In all this process have been involve researchers, laboratories, Universities, companies and national health institutes, creating an intersection between regional systems of innovation (Medellin Ruta N), health clusters and a the technological systems of innovation for the vaccine technology, crossing geographical boundaries. Also nationals systems of innovation have an effect over the results that we are looking today. In this essay I pretend to describe how has been the intersection of 4 innovation systems; national, regional, sectorial and technological in the clinical evaluation of DENVax, one of the vaccines candidates developed by Invitrogen in the United States and evaluated in Colombia by the research group PECET in Medellin City.
2.5 billion People living in countries like the South East Asia, the Pacific islands, Latin America, the Caribbean islands and parts of Africa have had high issues associated with dengue fever. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has estimated about 50-100 million people are affected by the illness around the world. (3)