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School to prison pipeline research paper
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The United States of America is the world’s leader in incarceration. There are nearly 2.2 million individuals currently in prison or jail (Zuckerman). This problem of mass incarceration in the United States is not due to an increasing crime rate, but rather due to changes in laws, policies and an increase in sentencing. This problem has spilled over into our schools. The school-to-prison pipeline is a theory that refers to the policies that force our American youth out of the school system and into the justice system of America. Many policies; including No Child Left Behind, have resulted in encouraging drop out rates for the most at risk students. Also the zero tolerance policy plays a major role because students face harsh punishments for rather non-serious acts like bringing scissors or Advil to school, which may result in an expulsion. These students are forced out of school due to being expelled, which puts their education at risk. These students are then pushed down the hypothetical pipeline and into the juvenile court system for many reasons by being out of school. Once their …show more content…
This profit has totally impacted the problem of mass incarceration and targeting children to place in this system. Mass incarceration is hurting the future of our nation because it is creating problems with our youth and the quality of how they are educated. Individuals that are educated and complete their education do not return to prison nearly as much as the individuals that do not have an education. This shows the direct correlation that education plays on an individual in society. But the government is the one that’s responsible for denying these individuals a fair chance at receiving this ever important education. We must help our youth and end the unfair policies that the government has in place that is just creating a revolving door in our prisons
The school-to-prison pipeline is the idea that schools funnel students into the prison system. This theory is narrow-minded and ignores how the government benefits from the surveillance of African Americans. With the imagery of a pipe, this complex issue is reduced to the single-minded idea that schools force people of color, most notably African Americans, and does not discuss the evolution of the larger society. The way society has evolved to discriminate against African Americans at the institutional level is a key factor in the increased incarceration rates. The school-to-prison pipeline is an outdated and prejudiced model that does not fully explain the situation many African Americans face.
The school to prison pipeline is a phenomenon that refers to the practices and policies that have pushed school children, especially the most at-risk children, out of classrooms and into the juvenile justice system. This disturbing occurrence indicates the prioritization of incarceration over the education of children. Most alarmingly, many of the children being targeted have learning disabilities or histories of poverty, abuse or neglect. Instead of being targeted, these children would much rather benefit from additional counseling and educational services. Moreover, the knowledge acquired in this course will be incorporated in this paper and used to explain the points made. In this term paper, what will be discussed is the expansion of the zero tolerance policy, the different views on the policy, who is mostly targeted, the effects on the juveniles and any alternative solutions that could diminish this dismaying occurrence for becoming a larger problem.
The current criminal justice system is expensive to maintain. In North America the cost to house one prisoner is upwards of eighty to two hundred dollars a day (Morris, 2000). The bulk of this is devoted to paying guards and security (Morris, 2000). In contrast with this, community oriented programming as halfway houses cost less than the prison alternative. Community programming costs five to twenty five dollars a day, and halfway houses although more expensive than community programs still remain cheaper than prison (Morris, 2000). Tabibi (2015c) states that approximately ninety percent of those housed in prison are non-violent offenders. The treatment of offenders in the current system is understood to be unjust. By this, Morris (2000) explains that we consistently see an overrepresentation of indigenous and black people in the penal system. Corporate crimes are largely omitted, while street crimes are emphasized (Morris, 2000). This disproportionately targets marginalized populations (homeless, drug addicted and the poor) (Tabibi, 2015c). The current system is immoral in that the caging of people is highly depersonalized and troubling (Tabibi, 2015c). This is considered to be a barbaric practice of the past, however it is still frequently used in North America (Morris, 2000). Another moral consideration is with the labelling of youth as offenders in the criminal justice system (Morris, 2000). Morris (2000) argues that we should see youth crimes as a social failure, not as an individual level failure. Next, Morris (2000) classifies prisons as a failure. Recidivism rates are consistently higher for prisons than for other alternatives (Morris, 2000). The reason for this is that prisons breed crime. A school for crime is created when a person is removed from society and labeled; they become isolated, angry
In the most recent years, the relationship between educational institutions and the juvenile justice system, which was once created to protect children, has displayed an ultimatum for minors through “zero tolerance” policies that result in sending individuals from school to prison to pipeline. Studies have shown that these policies are not beneficial to students or the educational environment that should be guaranteed to children. Opponents argue that the policies promote safety, but through this research it can be concluded that the policies actually increase danger. Studies demonstrate the factors that affect the enforcement of these policies which include media, the sociopolitical atmosphere, and the racial disproportionality, yet there are valid solutions for this issue that can be explored.
Most black Americans are under the control of the criminal justice today whether in parole or probation or whether in jail or prison. Accomplishments of the civil rights association have been challenged by mass incarceration of the African Americans in fighting drugs in the country. Although the Jim Crow laws are not so common, many African Americans are still arrested for very minor crimes. They remain disfranchised and marginalized and trapped by criminal justice that has named them felons and refuted them their rights to be free of lawful employment and discrimination and also education and other public benefits that other citizens enjoy. There is exists discernment in voting rights, employment, education and housing when it comes to privileges. In the, ‘the new Jim crow’ mass incarceration has been described to serve the same function as the post civil war Jim crow laws and pre civil war slavery. (Michelle 16) This essay would defend Michelle Alexander’s argument that mass incarcerations represent the ‘new Jim crow.’
It is to no surprise that America has a large amount of its people incarcerated for a variety of reasons. One must ask themselves how we can help these individuals get back on track. The answer is America’s most powerful weapon known to man; an education. This is an annotated bibliography for research on the effects of education in the prison system and if these effects are worth taxpayer’s money.
The article provides statistics regarding the amount of people in prison to the demographics of these prisons. Today, “nearly half of all prisoners in state prisons are locked up for nonviolent offenses” (Sledge). This article also provides a video and image with the demographic statistical information. The video is mainly about the amount of people who are supporting the legalization of marijuana and the amount of people incarcerated in the United States of America. In addition, this article explains that the total cost of the drug war including law enforcement, interdiction, international efforts, state level prisons and jails, federal level prisons, and any drug related arrests estimate to approximately $50 billion annually (Sledge). The image provides a visual to the statistics provided and was created by the American Civil Liberties Union based on statistics of the United States of America prison population and its growth. The general argument in the source is that there is too much money being spent on this war and “the punishment falls disportionately on people of color” (Sledge). The source is accurate because of the statistics provided by American prisoners and was created in order to inform people who may have misconceptions about the drug war. In the video, he explained how felons are not in prison for smoking joints of marijuana but rather drug trafficking and distribution. This source can have a major impact if Americans knew how much money went into the war on drugs. In conclusion, the article “The Drug War and Mass Incarceration” by Matt Sledge focused on why the drug war led to mass incarceration in the United States of America and who the drug war affected. The source provided statistics in order to back up the information stated, however this information could have been
Shockingly, there seem to be a few people who actually profits from keeping people in jails. The practice of mass incarceration who most see as a major problem in the United States of America is actually beneficial to some. The prison system in the United States who was create to keep dangerous criminals at bay is now a major source of profit for some private corporations. John W. Whitehead, attorney and president of the Rutherford Institute writes that, “ the flawed yet retributive American “system of justice” is being replaced by an even more flawed and insidious form of mass punishment based upon profit and expediency.” Some blame the war on drugs as the main reason for the mass incarceration; others blame racism. Although those components do play a major role in the affair, a closer look at at the mastermind behind the prison industrial complex suggest that the privatization of the prison system has become the main reason why mass incarceration exist so forcefully in the United States and is a crime against the people of the people of
Mass incarceration has caused the prison’s populations to increase dramatically. The reason for this increase in population is because of the sentencing policies that put a lot of men and women in prison for an unjust amount of time. The prison population has be caused by periods of high crime rates, by the medias assembly line approach to the production of news stories that bend the truth of the crimes, and by political figures preying on citizens fear. For example, this fear can be seen in “Richard Nixon’s famous campaign call for “law and order” spoke to those fears, hostilities, and racist underpinnings” (Mauer pg. 52). This causes law enforcement to focus on crimes that involve violent crimes/offenders. Such as, gang members, drive by shootings, drug dealers, and serial killers. Instead of our law agencies focusing their attention on the fundamental causes of crime. Such as, why these crimes are committed, the family, and preventive services. These agencies choose to fight crime by establishing a “War On Drugs” and with “Get Tough” sentencing policies. These policies include “three strikes laws, mandatory minimum sentences, and juvenile waives laws which allows kids to be trialed as adults.
It cost a lot of money to keep one prisoner taken care of with food, medical, and housing. Instead of using that tax money on a prisoner, if that funding were to go to an after school program it would be more beneficiary. More programs for schools lead to children having an activity to do after school instead of getting into some sort of mischief and then getting a criminal record which then produces a vicious cycle of criminal behavior. That criminal cycle will then continue and add to the already overpopulated prison system. The goal here it prevent the blooming of a possible juvenile delinquent into a convicted criminal it before it even starts. So using the tax money that would 've been used on a low level convict who got busted for marijuana lets say, would be used to help prevent future convict to begin with. Not only school programs, but even things that would help improve communities such as parks, job creations, etc. All these things could also help prevent future prisoners because parks are used for activity for children to gather and socialize instead of getting to criminal mischief and job creations are used to prevent being in poverty which is retrospect is one of the main reason people end up in criminal activity. So all in all as you can see, there would be so much benefits in using tax money from a low level convict to the future of our
According to the Oxford Index, “whether called mass incarceration, mass imprisonment, the prison boom, or hyper incarceration, this phenomenon refers to the current American experiment in incarceration, which is defined by comparatively and historically extreme rates of imprisonment and by the concentration of imprisonment among young, African American men living in neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage.” It should be noted that there is much ambiguity in the scholarly definition of the newly controversial social welfare issue as well as a specific determination in regards to the causes and consequences to American society. While some pro arguments cry act as a crime prevention technique, especially in the scope of the “war on drugs’.
Overcrowding of prisons due to mass incarceration is among one of the biggest problems in America, mass incarceration has ruined many families and lives over the years.America has the highest prison population rate , over the past forty years from 1984 until 2014 that number has grown by four hundred percent .America has four percent of the world population ,but twenty-five percent of the world population of incarcerated people Forty one percent of American juveniles have been or going to be arrested before the age of 23. America has been experimenting with incarceration as a way of showing that they are tough on crime but it actually it just show that they are tough on criminals. imprisonment was put in place to punish, criminals, protect society and rehabilitate criminals for their return into the society .
Tulman, J. B. (2008). Time to Reverse the School-to-Prison Pipeline. (Cover story). Policy & Practice (19426828), 66(1), 22-27.
The term “School prison pipeline” is a metaphor used to describe the increasing patterns of the contact students have with the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems as a result of the recent practices implemented by educational institutions, zero tolerance policies, and the use of police in schools.[1] The metaphor is currently a hot topic of debate in discussions surrounding educational disciplinary policies as media coverage of youth violence and mass incarceration has grown during the early 21st century.
Khadaroo, Teicher. A. “School suspensions: Does racial bias feed the school-to-prison pipeline?” The Christian Science Monitor. March 31, 2013. Web.