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Effectiveness of antidepressants essay
Conclusion for electroconvulsive therapy
Conclusion for electroconvulsive therapy
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Case Background: The condition of severe and persistent treatment resistant Major Depressive Disorder prompted treatment with S-Adenosyl Methionine, which resulted in new and unusual tactile and visual hallucinations which the patient described as being of mice and snakes crawling on their body. Major Depressive Disorder is mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood present across most situations and is often accompanied by a feeling of being down, depressed, or hopeless, as well as low self-esteem and disturbance in activities of daily living as well as sleep and appetite. Tactile hallucinations are the false perception of tactile sensory input that creates a sensation of physical contact with an imagined object. Tactile hallucinations can be due to drug or alcohol consumption or may be independent of …show more content…
She had been treated for severe treatment resistant MDD with 22 rounds of Electroconvulsive therapy and upwards of 10 different psychopharmacological interventions since 2002. She had been hospitalized on two occasions for suicidal intent, and only responded positively to fluoxetine, however discontinued due to digestive upset. After two weeks of starting therapy with SAMe, SC began to make marked improvements in her depression, as evidenced by self-reported scores on the PHQ-9 as well as self and her husband’s reports. After approximately 4 weeks on SAMe, SC discontinued it’s use due to the beginning of the experience of tactile and visual hallucinations. SC had begun treatment with Desvenlafaxine in June 2017, which could also be attributed to the symptoms, but given that the hallucinations only began five months into treatment, it is less likely that this was the sole contributor to those
Neuroleptic-induced Tardive Dyskinesia occurs in roughly fifteen to twenty percent of people taking neuroleptic drugs for several years, and often exceeds fifty percent when all patients treated with neuroleptic are considered. (1)(4) Tardive Dyskinesia develops in people of all ages and walks of life, but the elderly, especially men, and those who are mute, unable to reason and understand competently, and those who have lost their teeth are more likely to develop the disorder. (5)
... big role in hallucination. Serotonin which exits in the brain affects a wide range of conditions relating to aggression, sleep regulation, depression, anxiety, pain reception and etc. Serotonin most concentrated region lies within the hypothalamus and the pineal gland. Researchers have found that when its active potential carrying out the information of fear actually reaches the hypothalamus from the amygdala, the hypothalamus releases the serotonin into the system which provides assists to epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare the body for the fight or flight response. When all of this is in process, the serotonin tends to cause the calm muscles of the actual blood vessels to constrict. As a result, the blood pressure tends to rise in the brain and the membrane in the optic or audio cortex begin changing, and that is what starts to trigger the hallucination.
Auditory and visual hallucinations have been occuring on and off in Ms.M’s life long before the diagnosis of schizophrenia was being made. The characteristics of the images that she described remain the same (eg. Shadow-like, human figures, moving, etc) throughout the years. However, she said that she has not been hearing voices for 2 years. It seems like the treatments she received neither lessen nor worsen her visual hallucinations but improve her auditory hallucinations. In fact, it remains doubtful regarding to the improvement in her auditory hallucinations because she was still noted talking and laughing to herself prior to this current admission. She might be actually still hearing voices and was trying to converse with the voices.
"Hypnagogic Hallucinations and the Magical Half Awake, Half Asleep State."Udemy Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2014.
...ilepsy, dementia, neuro-infections. Withdrawal from substances such as alcohol and drugs such as amphetamines can also be associated with auditory hallucinations. These people without mental illness will be inclined to report that their voices will be positive and have a high level of control over the voices. They will also experience these less frequently and will have less problems with doing daily things than those who have a mental illness (Norman 2004). These Auditory hallucinations may be experienced in many different ways such as coming out of the ears, or being in the mind or anywhere outside the body. They will can occur at any time but will distance from low meaning having a experience maybe once a month or may be less to having them daily and all of the time. The voices can be very quiet like whispers or will be very loud as if someone is shouting at you.
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, also known as HPPD, is a disorder distinguished by the continual sensory disturbances, usually visual. In this paper, we will research the disorder, exploring causes, symptoms, treatments, etc. as well as look at case studies the were done to further understand the disease. Very few people have been diagnosed with HPPD so research is limited, so this paper will act as a summary of the disorder, how it relates to visual perception and how it is often portrayed with art.
“… There is a feeling of strange intoxication and shifting consciousness with minor perceptual changes. There may also be strong physical effects, including respiratory pressure, muscle tension (especially face and neck muscles), and queasiness or possible nausea… After this the state of altered consciousness begins to manifest itself…..among the possible occurences are feelings of inner tranquility, oneness with life, heightened awareness, and rapid thought flow…these effects will deepen and become more visual. Colors may become more intense. Halos and auras may appear about things. Objects
These can be audio, visual, or sensory sensations that seem entirely real, but exist only in the mind of the user. The effects can vary depending on dose size, user mental stability and wellbeing, and surroundings. These can be either profoundly wonderful and enlightening during a good “trip”, or terrifying and nightmarish, during a bad
Major Depressive Disorder or MDD is a very common clinical condition that affects millions of people every year. According to the Agency for Health Care Policy & Research, “ depression is under diagnosed & untreated by most medical doctors, despite the fact that it can almost always be treated successfully.
A psychedelic drug is one that alters the brains perception and cognition. Drugs of this sort can cause visual hallucinations. People have said it feels as though everything is alive, breathing, dancing. Of course, like any drug, there is the possibility of having a “bad trip.” This is where things seemingly go wrong. The person tripping feels trapped, frightened, and extremely uncomfortable. The
Schizoaffective disorder is a psychotic disorder that distorts a person’s perception of reality. Showing itself to be very similar to schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder has symptoms that include hallucination, delusions, and disorganized speech. This disease also shows similarities to affective disorders, such as bipolar disorder with symptoms including major depressive episodes, manic episodes, or these types of symptoms are mixed with those that are found in psychotic disorder. Like schizophrenia and affective disorders, this illness is difficult to treat on the basis of finding what is the cause of the episode, the type of treatment available for schizoaffective disorder, and the adherence to the regimen created for treatment. What shall be done here is to review various literature sources that go into detail of what schizoaffective disorder is and its causes, the types of treatments that are used for people with schizoaffective disorder, and the cooperation of patients with schizoaffective disorder.
While hallucinogenic drugs have been used for centuries, it was not until the discovery by Western society of their mind-altering properties (Hofmann 1959; Stoll 1947; Delgado, Pedro L; Moreno, Francisco A) that these compounds began to be more widely used for treatment of mental disorders (see Abraham, Aldridge & Gogia 1996; Strassman 1995; Neill 1987; McGlothlin & Arnold 1971; Freedman 1968; Delgado, Pedro L; Moreno, Francisco A). Hallucinates are derived from plants or the fungus that grows on plants, the first recorded hallucination was a tossup between mental issues that were then used for a political push or the ergotamine during the Salem witch trails in 1962, far after that Albert Hofmann became the creator of LSD from ergotamine a chemical from the fungus ergot, in Switzerland 1938. From that time LSD has played a part in history, studies have shown that much has changed in the half-century since LSD was first used by psychiatrists and then found widespread recreational use in the 1960's and 70's. Modern psychiatry has embraced drugs that affect the same brain molecules that are tweaked by hallucinogens (Blakeslee,
The involvement of a psychoactive substance along with symptoms related to other psychotic disorders narrows the diagnosis to “amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder” (APA, 2013). According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders, to be diagnosed with a substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder the patient needs to meet several criteria, the first of which is having hallucinations and/or delusions, both of which Sara is experiencing. Secondly, the patient’s history needs to show that symptoms manifested during or following intoxication or withdrawal with a substance that is capable of producing such symptoms; Amphetamines, and stimulants in general, are capable of causing psychosis or symptoms of it due to their ability to increase synaptic levels of dopamine (Calipari, E. S., & Ferris, M. J. 2013). Furthermore, Sara displayed no signs of psychotic symptoms until after her amphetamine use started. Sara’s symptoms did not occur exclusively during a course of delirium, and her symptoms are causing severe impairments in her overall ability to function. The final criteria states that Sara’s symptoms cannot be better explained by a similar, but not substance-induced, psychotic disorder; since she only
As per Morrison-Valfre (2013), schizophrenia is described as “a condition associated with disturbing thought patterns, behaviours, and loss of contact with reality to the point at which it impairs functioning”. The psychotic disorder affects approximately 1% of individuals worldwide, resulting in 2.5 million Americans suffering from the mental ailment (Morrison-Valfre, 2013, p.362). Individuals experiencing schizophrenia suffer from many different types, including catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual schizophrenia (Morrison-Valfre, 2013, p.362). When schizophrenia is diagnosed, individuals suffer from severe adverse effects such as hallucinations, illusions, altered internal sensations, negative self-perception,
The actual causes of such hallucinations are the chemical substances in the plants. These substances are true narcotics. Contrary to popular opinion, not all narcotics are dangerous and addictive. The term psychedelic describes such drugs in the United States.