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Essay on history of drugs
Research on the history of drugs
Peyote native american culture
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Just a Drug?
Throughout our entire lives we have always been told that drugs are bad. They have terrible consequences on our bodies, and can cause us to do things that we wouldn’t normally consent to do in a sober state. Drugs can have adverse and varying effects on people, but no matter what the drug is we have been made to believe that its use is bad. What if a drug was more than just a way to escape reality, or to feel good? Peyote is a drug that has had more than just physical use and meaning to people for over 400 years. It is used as a spiritual catalyst by many Native Americans, and is believed by them to cause a direct psychic link to God. People around the country have varying views on peyote use, but who can say that it is bad? If the drug does have bad effects on the body, Native Americans have surely accepted that as a reasonable tradeoff for the spiritual journey peyote brings. So is peyote as a drug, or it’s use in Native American religion, bad?
In order to understand and base an opinion on a religion that is centralized around a drug, you must first understand the drug itself. Peyote is a small, round cactus that grows in the southern US and Mexico. Rather than spines or spikes, peyote has fuzzy tufts that stuck out from it’s edges. Only about an inch of the cactus is viewable above ground, with the majority of it being the deeply buried, carrot-like root structure. The small portion that is above ground is harvested, and is referred to as the peyote “button”. It is consumed either freshly cut, or dried, and has some extreme effects on the body.
The effects of peyote are quite strong, and cause an array of feelings and emotional perceptions. According to www.xs4all.nl;
“… There is a feeling of strange intoxication and shifting consciousness with minor perceptual changes. There may also be strong physical effects, including respiratory pressure, muscle tension (especially face and neck muscles), and queasiness or possible nausea… After this the state of altered consciousness begins to manifest itself…..among the possible occurences are feelings of inner tranquility, oneness with life, heightened awareness, and rapid thought flow…these effects will deepen and become more visual. Colors may become more intense. Halos and auras may appear about things. Objects
The Honorable Marcus Garvey, Prince Emi tianuel, and [laile Selassie are revered as the Trinity (King, Prophet, and Priest). In the floly ritu us of Nyh~binghi, the chantiug of songs with the beating of the (congos) drums is the raising of the spirit of God in man assisted by the sacramental herb (marijuana). (See Exhibit (A) P.S. I., Exhibit (B) Newspaper) (See Mircea ~adeEncclediaofReliion 96-97 (1 9(~~9); Rastafarian religion is among the 1,558 religious groups of American Religions 870-71(1991); Standard description of the religion eniphasizes the use of marijuana in cultiq ceremonies designed to bring the believer closer to the divinity and to enhance unity among believers. Functionally, IUarijuana~known as Ganja in the language of tile religion~operates as a sacrament with tile power to raise the partakers above the mundane and to enhance their spiritual unity.
Boyer, B., Boyer, R., & Basehart, H. 1973. Hallucinogens and Shamanism M. Hamer, Ed.. England: Oxford University Press.
The first two chapters of the book are about the drugs in general. The chapters explained how drugs have been used in the early history of the peoples for clients welfare, religious rites, but also to produce intoxication and euphoria.
"The feeling of doing DMT is as though one had been struck by noetic lightning. The ordinary world is almost instantaneously replaced, not only with a hallucination, but a hallucination whose alien character is its utter alienness. Nothing in this world can prepare one for the impressions that fill your mind when you enter the DMT sensorium."- McKenna.
The syncretism and hybridity of religion represents the fluidity and ease in which religion can adapt to change over time, setting, and location. In the case of Native Americans, the syncretism and hybridity is rather a means to assert agency as well as an opportunity to preserve Native American religion in the face of European forced religious imperialism. An integral part of many Native American rituals, peyote is a small, spineless cactus is often seen as an important medicine in communities which practice peyote worship. Peyote is derived from the Aztec word peyotl, and peyote ceremonies have been found in Native American tribes from Mexico all the way to the Plain Indians of the midwest. It must be taken into account that many Native American
Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB (1981). Coca and cocaine as medicines: an historical review. J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Mar-May; 3(2-3):149-59.
The first element is the out-of-body experience. In this experience, some element of consciousness seems to separate from the physical brain. Some people experience floating upward and watching the scene from above....
Renner, T., Feldman, R., Majors, M., Morrissey, J., & Mae, L. (2011). States of Consciousness. Psychsmart (pp. 99-107). New York: McGraw-Hill.
“Of all the Buddhist groups in America, those focusing on meditation have been most attractive to young people from the drug scene, and it is these groups that have taken the strongest stand against drug use. The psychological literature as well as the literature on Zen abounds in descriptions of the altered states of consciousness experienced under the influence of LSD-25 and other hallucinogenic drugs. Descriptions of these drug-induced states often compare them with the experience of satori or enlightenment which may result from Buddhist meditation. Frequently the opinion is expressed that, under certain circumstances, the LSD experience is a satori experience. ”
All throughout mankind, drugs have played various roles within society due to their positive and negative impacts. Evidently, groups like the Ancient Greeks and other religious groups used drugs for religious and spiritual reasons. Drugs like marijuana and other psychedelic drugs were widely used in the 1960s and 70s by the flower power hippy movement. Drugs are used in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World differently than modern and historic time, according to Mustapha Mond (controller), who states that Soma is “Euphoric, narcotic, pleasantly hallucinant”. Ultimately, Drugs in society help eliminate negative emotions, assist with legal control, and impact one's identity.
During her time in the fMRI the individual remained conscious of her physical body although she was able to see herself from outside her body while rotating in the air and moving along the horizontal plane. By reviewing the images Smith and Messier found that the visual cortex was deactivated and the majority of the activation in the brain was in the left hemisphere and included the supplementary motor area and supramarginal and posterior superior temporal gyri which had previously been shown to be associated with out of body experiences. The impression of movement is caused by the cerebellum which is activated during the extra- corporeal-experience which denotes an infrequent type of kinesthetic metaphors (Smith et al, 2014). The results of this study indicates that the feeling of leaving the body or having an out of body experience is created by the activities in the brain which is why the person feels as though they are experiencing movement. Thus, by analyzing the brain scans researchers were able to determine that is not indeed the soul or spirit leaving the body, but rather it is an induced state which is taking place in the
Drugs have often been bad. reputation, but it seems that in every good, there is bad and vice versa. It seems that the The only thing that has so many people divided is fear - fear of the harm it could do or even fear of the good it could do.
Pre-Columbian Mexicans used many substances, from tobacco to mind-expanding (hallucinogenic) plants, in their medicinal collections. The most fascinating of these substances are sacred mushrooms, used in religious ceremonies to induce altered states of mind, not just drunkenness.
For nearly 85 years, the government has prohibited pscychoactive drugs. American leaders attempted to do the same to alcohol with Prohibition in the 1920?s. In any society, drug use plays a part in the people?s culture. Whether it be a native taking hallucinogens for a religious ceremony, a destitute alcoholic drinking on a city street, or a group of teenagers smoking marijuana, drugs and alcohol have the same effects in any culture. The question of ?why do people use drugs? has been a dilemma which American medical experts and government leaders have fought to answer for years. Recently, many institutions and organizations have formed in order to fight the war on drugs and help diminish the percent of Americans who use dangerous drugs and excessive amounts of alcohol.
From the very beginning of human history, drugs have been used for medicine and recreation, some of these recreational uses have been good while others have been lethal. The first known uses drugs comes from the time of the Sumerians around the year 5000 BC. Thousands of years went by before the next recording of drug use with people in Switzerland eating poppy