Lithium-ion batteries were commercially introduced for the first time in 1991[1]. Since their introduction, they have revolutionized consumer electronics by becoming the dominant power-source for devices such as laptops and cell phones. This is mainly due to their superior energy-density compared to other energy sources. Lithium-ion batteries are becoming the subject of even greater interest these days, since they are the power-source of choice for electric vehicles (hybrid and otherwise). This is especially relevant considering the focus on finding carbon-neutral sources of energy to replace the reliance on fossil-fuels for automobiles.
Lithium-ion batteries do not contain lithium metal. Instead, they contain a negative electrode (composed of graphite), a liquid electrolyte (non-aqueous), and a positive electrode which is composed of a layered lithium and transition-metal oxide like LiCoO2 (Figure 1). When charged, the lithium ions de-intercalate from the cathode, make their way through the electrolyte, and then intercalate themselves between layers of graphite in the anode. During discharge, the process is reversed.
After their initial introduction in 1991 numerous improvements have been made to Lithium-ion technology, which has greatly improved their rate of charge and discharge, safety, and cycle life. However, with Lithium-ion batteries being the energy-source of choice for electric vehicle, such as Tesla’s Model S, new challenges are being placed on this form of technology. Specifically, newer forms of lithium-ion batteries need to optimize for fast charge/discharge rates while also being immune to overheating. In the succeeding sections, we will look at different approaches that have been used to optimize performance in...
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...l cations have the ability to order on the octahedral sublattice. Interestingly, a disordered spinel structure seems to have a higher capacity [24]. Partially substituting cobalt for nickel (i.e Li[Mn1.42N0.43Co0.16]O4) seems to reduce the formation of LixNi1-xO, which tends to degrade cell performance during cycling [25]. Another way to improve capacity retention is to add nickel to the surface of LiMn2O4 through coatings rather than as a bulk dopant.
LiFePO4 and other phosphates
Phosphates (LiMPO4) with the olivine structure (Pnma) are another promising class of candidates. Here, phosphorus occupies tetrahedral sites, whereas the transition metal M occupies octahedral sites, and lithium forms one-dimensional chains along the [0 1 0] direction [26]. The phosphate that is most-commonly used is LiFePO4, and delithiates to FePO4 when Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+ [27].
Since its discovery, lithium has been primarily used in batteries, in chemical synthesis, and in alloys and glass. Although lithium is used in everyday things we use, l...
Kranzler, J. H., Flores, C. G., & Coady, M. (2010). Examination of the Cross-Battery Approach
This paper is a discussion of the role played by the ideals of the Enlightenment in the invention and assessment of artifacts like the electric battery. The first electric battery was built in 1799 by Alessandro Volta, who was both a natural philosopher and an artisan-like inventor of intriguing machines. I will show that the story of Volta and the battery contains three plots, each characterized by its own pace and logic. One is the story of natural philosophy, a second is the story of artifacts like the battery, and the third is the story of the loose, long-term values used to assess achievement and reward within and outside expert communities. An analysis of the three plots reveals that late eighteenth-century natural philosophers, despite their frequent celebration of 'useful knowledge,' were not fully prepared to accept the philosophical dignity of artifacts stemming from laboratory practice. Their hesitation was the consequence of a hierarchy of ranks and ascribed competence that was well established within the expert community. In order to make artifacts stemming from laboratory practice fully acceptable within the domain of natural philosophy, some important changes had yet to occur. Still, the case overwhelmingly shows that artifacts rightly belong to the long and varied list of items that make up the legacy of the Enlightenment.
Metals contain a sea of electrons (which are negatively charged) and which flow throughout the metal. This is what allows electric current to flow so well in all metals. An electrode is a component of an electric circuit that connects the wiring of the circuit to a gas or electrolyte. A compound that conducts in a solution is called an electrolyte. The electrically positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode the cathode.
These reasons are why Lithium-Ion Batteries are some of the most viable options when designing new gadgets. But, the structure of these batteries are why these batteries are being used for new gadgets. A Lithium-Ion Batt...
A revolutionary environmental impact to pollution is provided by electric cars which produce zero emissions and provide a replenishable fuel resource. Toxic emissions into our earth’s environment would be reduced immediately as gas powered, pollution emitting vehicles are replaced with non-polluting, battery powered vehicles. Not only will pollution be reduced, but the means that power these vehicles are a renewable resource. Electricity can now be created by environmentally safer means, such as hydro-electric dams, wind farms, and various types of power plants proving a sound resource. With a safer, less polluting, renewabl...
This is the most common battery that people use today like Energizer or Duracle batteries. The most common form of a primary cell is the Leclanche cell, invented by a French chemist Georges Leclanche in the 1860s. The electrolyte for this battery consisted of a mixture of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride made into a paste. The negative electrode is zinc, and is the outside shell of the cell, and the positive electrode is a carbon rod that runs through the center of the cell. This rod is surrounded by a mixture of carbon and manganese dioxide. This battery produces about 1.5 volts.
Due to physical reasons, Tesla vehicles cannot be recharged comparably quickly to a petroleum fuel-powered car
23. S. Alwarappan, S. Boyapalle, A. Kumar, C.-Z. Li and S. Mohapatra, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 6556–6559
The United States currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. While the price of natural gas per barrel continues to plummet, the United States is constantly seeking new sources of renewable energy. Renewable energy consists of any type of natural resource (solar power, ocean power, wind power, rain, snow, etc.) that naturally and automatically replenishes itself. Renewable energy is important because it is infinite and everlasting, meaning our children and our children’s children will be able to utilize these resources long after we are gone. I believe the only way the United States and the world will see a large-scale transition to renewable energy sources is through education. Right now, it seems as though only a few pockets of people throughout the world are aware of the positive benefits of renewable energy sources. Not only is it better and cleaner for our environment, but the industry of renewable energy could also
In conclusion, the best type of battery varies depending on the certain situation. For instance, lithium-ion cells are best for cellphones while lead-acid cells are best for automobiles. Each type of battery has their own advantages and disadvantages, so sacrifices must be made. The chosen battery will depend on the design specifications and requirements.
...her part is V-I characteristics in which and gives the transient response, and [24]. This modified model is used for predicting battery Run-time and I-V characteristic but this model is not suitable for transient response occurred due to short duration load. This model is used in Li-ion, NiMH, and lead-acid batteries for predicting SOC, terminal voltage, and power losses. Accurate determination of battery in this model, discharge capacity is a function of the discharge rate i(t) , temperature and cycle number it also include rate factor . SOC and is given by equation as:This paper is a literature reviews of different the types of battery models. These models having different properties as well as different characteristics. State of charge, run time etc we have different models for different applications like HEVs/EVs we use the adaptive model
In recent years, electrochemical supercapacitors (ECs) have been extensively studied as attractive energy storage devices. They have potential applications in portable electronics and electric vehicles because of their high power energy densities and long cyclic life [8, 101, 102]. Based on the nature of the charge-storage mechanism and active materials, electrochemical capacitors can be classified into two types: electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and redox supercapacitors (pseudocapacitors). EDLCs utilizing carbon-based active materials, such as activated carbon (AC) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with charge stored at electrode-electrolyte interface, are currently the most commonly used devices [2]. On the other hand, pseudocapacitors or redox capacitors use fast and reversible faradaic surface reactions for charge storage. Conducting polymers [103, 104] and transition metal oxides and hydroxides [81, 105, 106] have been investigated as possible electrode materials for redox capacitors. Redox capacitors have drawn much more attention than EDLCs due to their high theoreti...
In today’s world the electric automobile faces the tremendous issue of battery range, before electric vehicles become the primary form of transportation in the world, battery range will need to be augmented. The most effective way to heightened battery range is by creating a superior infrastructure
Why do we need to rely on renewable sources? Most of the energy that we use today come from fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, and oil. All of these resources are non-renewable, it can finish one day. In order to have a better world and a healthy environment for the future, people are trying to obtain energy from natural resources instead of non-renewable sources. In the lecture “Renewable energy resources” (2014), Mistry focuses on some advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy. There are different kind of resources that we can use in order to produce renewable energy. Solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power are just some of the kinds of renewable energy that might be the best options to obtain energy because they come from