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The pros and cons of genetic testing
Benefits to genetic testing at individual and societal level
The pros and cons of genetic testing
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Genes underpin the molecular basis of phenotypic variation among individuals. By identifying the position underlying gene via gene mapping, it is possible to uncover the evolutionary principles which account for phenotypic variations. In this practical, we associated ten simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) markers with three phenotypes to identify any possible association between a marker and certain phenotype in Arabidopsis. Those three phenotypes were: did the plant show flowering, did cell death observe in the plant and finally the rosette diameter. The first two phenotypes were qualitative traits scored with yes or no answer whereas the later was a quantitative phenotype with a continuous distribution and measured in centimeter.
Chi-square test was conducted to account for the association between SSLP markers and the qualitative phenotypes which had a discrete distribution. Since our sample size was 12, there was 10 degrees of freedom as we would need to account for two variations of whether it flowered or displayed cell death. An outcome with a Chi-square value of 18.31 or more would be interpreted as significant at 5% confidence level. Hence, it would mean that the marker was highly associated with a particular trait. Firstly, the flowering trait was scored as this trait was more obvious as compared to scoring the plant’s cell death. The FRIGIDA (FRI) alleles were shown to account for natural variation in flowering time in Arabidopsis. FRI exhibited linkage disequilibrium with the flowering trait as they tend to be inherited together to the next generation.
However, our empirical result contradicted the literature as the Chi-square value for this trait was 7.922 with a P-value of approximately 0.75.This implied t...
... middle of paper ...
... Thus, scoring a simple and easy trait appeared to be the strength of our study.
However, low sample size was one of the demerits of our study which might have resulted in the insignificance of our results. Our experimental subject comprised of only 12 Arabidopsis plants with a unique accession stock number whereas Caporaso’s study involved over two thousands human subjects. A low sample size would definitely be unfavourable as some outliers could bias the outcome of statistical analysis.
Works Cited
1. Caproraso N, Gu F, Chatterjee N, Sheng-Chih J, Yu K, et al.(2009) Genome-wide and candidate gene association study of cigarette smoking behaviors. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4653.
2. Johnson U, West J, Lister C, Michaels S, Amasino R, et al.(2000) Molecular analysis of FRIGIDA, a major determinant of natural variation in Arabidopsis flowering time. Science 290:344-347.
The trait approach focuses on describing and quantifying individual differences. The approach tries to categorize people into groups based upon what traits they exhibit. According to the textbook, “The most important factors of personality ought to be found across different sources of data, and he [Cattell] developed a typology of data – including self-report, peer-report, and behavioral observations – that has become part of the foundation of the distinctions between S, I, L, and B data” (Funder, 2013, p. 222). As the essential--trait approach was being developed over the years, the amount of traits drastically changed over time. Multiple psychologists worked on this theory, all having different ideas and amounts of essential ...
Volkows, N. D., & Muenke, M. (2012). Human Genetics. The genetics of addiction, Vol 131(6), 773-777. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-012-1173-3
As a result of these factors, the flora has adapted to these conditions in a variety of ways including their shape, leaf type, root system, and color. One of the most prominent adapt...
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Journal of personality and social psychology and. Retrieved from http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~broberts/Hazan & Shaver, 1987.pdf
Its purpose is to give the participant a 4-letter formula which describes strength preferences of the participant’s personality type. The formula comes from four different sections; Extraversion or Introversion, Sensing or iNtuition, Thinking or Feeling, and Judging or Perceiving. Based on the 4-letter formula, one will also receive a two-letter Temperament, which offers a good prediction of one’s behavior (Kroeger, Thuesen, & Rutledge, 2002).
One way in which the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) of personality differs from the Trait Theory (FFT), is that the SCT represents a bottom-up approach (Cervone, 1997; Shadel, Niaura and Abrams, 2000; Zelli and Dodge, 1999). In other
Raymond B. Cattell (1906-1998) studied the personality traits of large groups of people, calling the visible features of their personalities “surface traits.” During his studies, Cattell observed that certain “surface traits” would appear simultaneously in individuals. When Cattell noticed this trend occurring frequently he renamed the group of “surface traits” “source traits”. At the conclusion of his research Cattell identified sixteen “source traits.”
According to class readings, to assess the relative contributions of genes and experience to the development of differences in psychological attributes, behavioral geneticists study individuals of known genetic similarity (Pinel, 2014). To comprehend it plainly, we have to think over the conclusion drawn by Larsen and Buss that despite the fact that a few qualifications present around people could be because of hereditary divergences, yet the pretended by environment in adjustment of thei...
The study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniqueness. In the field of psychology, trait theory is considered to be a key approach to the study of human personality (Crowne, 2007; Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2009). This paper aims to identify a number of significant contributors who have played crucial roles in both the development and application of trait theory. This paper then moves focus to these theorists, outlining their theory and analysing both the strengths and weaknesses of those theories. An illustration of the methods used in trait measurement is given and includes the arguments for and against such procedures.
Perceived traits compromises both positive and negative perceived traits, for example, positive traits include friendly and neat whereas negative traits include snobby and messy. By inviting DCLA students as participants in the research, we can determine the accuracy of these perceived traits.
Insect pollination as we all know, is the process that enables reproduction and fertilization by the transfer of pollen performed by insects. Insects are some of the oldest pollinators of plants. Pollinating insects date back to 140 million years ago. Since then, due to how effective insect pollinators are, these flowering plants have become the major group of terrestrial vascular plants. Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, have imperative roles within our ecosystems, both natural and agricultural. For instance, insects provide food, fiber and shelter for wildlife and humankind alike (2007). It is commonly know that in humans, high levels of fruit and vegetable consumption are associated with decreased risk of chronic disease (Calderone 2012). Aside from these important roles, plants have also been considered as a viable option for fuel sources (Calderone 2012). There are around 300,00 species of flowering plants in the world and without pollination, the reproductive process would be very difficult since pollination causes the production of seeds (Calderone 2012). Of the 300,000 plant species worldwide, a little over 3,000 of these plants have been used as a source of food. Close to 300 of these species are grown around the world today and only 12 of these plants make up about 90 percent of the food sources in our world. These 12 include the grains...
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2012). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (5th ed). Boston , MA, USA: Pearson
...unique characteristics, and species as well as selecting and making comparative maps. Genetic markers are techniques used in psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins Epidemiology-Genetic Program to locate risk genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. The National Library of Medicine has completed gene mapping with tomatoes by showing 12 pairs of chromosomes and assigning different colors to show the linking.
The Big Five trait assessment explores many different components of the personality, dividing them up into five main traits: openness, extroversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness. There are multiple views when it comes to these traits, including the genotypic view, looking at traits as something you have, and the phenotypic view, claiming that traits are simply your tendency to act in a certain way, but not a certainty. The phenotypic view seems most aligned with how I view personality, therefore all the traits I discuss will be looking at my tendency to act a certain way. For the most part, the test results I got when taking the Big Five were accurate. My extroversion/introversion scale, aesthetics, and conscientiousness results seemed to closely mimic my behavior and cognitive processes, therefore I shall explore how those influence my
According to research conducted by Portis et al. (2015) on Association Mapping for Fruit, Plant and Leaf Morphology Traits in Eggplant for instance the fruit shape is an important morphological trait of eggplant. In general, fruits with a large calyx and a long peduncle are more attractive. On the other hand calyx prickliness and green pulp are both unattractive features. This is because prickliness makes handling more difficult and green pulp gives the impression that the fruit is unripe (Portis, 2015). In the study, 18 out of the 19 fruit morphology related traits analyzed were associated with markers, a total of 112 trait-markers associations were identified, mapping to 34 genomic regions distributed over all 12 of the eggplant chromosomes (Portis, 2015). Their research therefore was in part aimed at mapping out the morphology and controlling the desirable traits in eggplant, such as colour, shape and