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Essay on legionnaires's disease
Legionnaire’s disease essay
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Legionnaires Disease
“Legionnaires’ disease is a bacterial infection caused primarily by the species Legionella pneumophila, it was initially recognized as the cause of a 1976 outbreak of respiratory disease outbreak in Philadelphia. Legionellosis infection occurs after persons have breathed mists that come from a water source. The most recent outbreak of Legionnaires’disease is in New York City, in the Bronx, with a total of ten deaths and more than one hundred outbreaks, which were traced to a cooling tower, deaths have also been reported in Michigan, and Ohio.
The Economics of Natural and Human Resources in Agriculture are dependent on water, according to Underhill (2015). “Legionnaires is associated a high mortality rate. The authors collected
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Known host and risk factors for legionellosis are smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, immune system compromise, older age fifty years or older and had a transplant or has received chemotherapy. Environmental risk factors associated with legionellosis outbreaks are travel, residence in a health care facility, and proximity to cooling towers, whirlpool spas, decorative fountains, and grocery produce misters. However, only partial studies have been prepared concerning socioeconomic and occupational risk factors for community-acquired cases; some studies have recognized driving as a likely occupational risk factor. To define the epidemiology of Legionnaires’ disease in New York, New York, researchers analyzed surveillance data for 2002–2011. In addition to overall incidence, they measured the relations between acquisition of Legionella infection and socioeconomic and occupational group.”
The prevalence of legionnaire’s disease has on the world today according to
Yamaguchi, Ichijo, & Nasu, M (n.d). , the unnecessary load on environments might
Communicable diseases are one of the major concerns in public health, as it poses a significant threat to the population. The study of epidemiology allows nurses to understand the cause of the disease and helps determine the levels of prevention to be implemented in order to limit the spread of the disease (Lundy & Janes, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to: a) use an epidemiological model to identify the organism involved in the case study, as well as its pathology, etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis; b) describe the distribution of health events within Schenectady; c) identify the determinants affecting morbidity and mortality; d) determine the deterrents that exists within the affected population; e) calculate the outbreak’s incubation period; f) identify the individuals affected during endemic levels; g) provide a list of foods that were most susceptible to mass contamination; and h) determine the people involved in the food borne outbreak and analyze the possible cause of this occurrence.
In crowded conditions, the rate of infection is even more rapid. The diseases brought over to America were mainly spread by the respiratory method. The pathogenesis of infection is through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Throughout Europe during the 15th century, food and water were contaminated with fecal matter and by unsanitary habits ( i.e. the lack of bathing). The traumatic route of infection is through insect and animal bites.
“Last Call at the Oasis” is a documentary about our world’s water crisis. The film discusses how many large cities in America are getting closer to use up their available water, how many areas across the globe do not have access to drinking water and are forced to drink contaminated water, how water shortages are causing acts of violence and are causing stress to agricultural communities, and a possible solution of using recycle water to stop us from wasting so much water. The film goes around the globe to talk to scientists who are studying contaminated water, people who have become very sick due to this water, and to the agricultural community in Australia where, unfortunately, some farmers have take their own lives due to water shortages.
there may be many more people with the disease than are reported. Lauer’s data is not welcome news for communities. “Imagine you owned that house there”—she pointed out the window to an upscale tract home—“and I took a sample and found the valley-fever fungus.... ...
The most intriguing article within the stimulating documents was William Stearns Davis’ “The Life of a Peasant” (Davis, 1922). Which offers an unaltered view of the lives of peasants in the middle ages. In his article, Davis introduces the idea of deadly bacteria through a description of the Black Plague, a disease caused by the bacterium named Yersinia Pestis. The Black Plague devastated the kingdoms of the middle ages. Yersinia Pestis was able to do this as at the time of its major outbreak, poor hygiene was commonplace, and antibiotics were non-existent. The question that stood out from the article was “To what extent, would it be possible for superbugs to create an environment today absent of effective antibiotics?”
It is imperative that domestic water provided for direct consumption and ingestion through food must be sanitary. Scientific research indicates that as many as 19 million Americans may become ill each year due to parasites, viruses a...
“Cholera swept the district. The epidemic had started in November in the southern region… A farmer traveled to a funeral in Kasiya… and brought the sickness with him. Within days, a dozen were dead in that village, and hundreds were infected across the district” (Kamkwamba and Mealer 148). The poor sanitation Malawi has, and its poor hygiene made it easier for cholera to spread through the country. Malawians were suffering. Cholera was spreading at an incredible rate. Due to the poor hygiene water was easily contaminated with the feces of infected people. So many people died that the corpse had to be buried in pairs to speed up the process. William’s family was extremely careful so none of them got infected. Every morning William and his family could see infected people walking towards the clinic. As days passed more and more people started to disappear, the village started looking like a ghost town. Cholera was wiping out Malawi village by village, no one was safe. However, people still had hope, and miraculously a few days after cholera arrived to the village. The clinic started giving out chlorine tablets. “To keep us safe, the clinic in the trading center began giving out free chlorine to treat our drinking water” ( Kamkwamba and Mealer 149). After some harsh days, the clinic started to give out chlorine tablets. Giving out this tablets saved a lot of people, since the tablets allowed people to treat their drinking water. Many families like Williams where going through a rough time. They were not only worried about getting infected, they also had to gather food to eat, which was lacking. After some horrendous days the distribution of the tablets was a turning point for the good. As the days passed less and less people got infected. After a few days life in the village was back to normal, except for the part that a great portion of the village
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a success. Doctors all around Europe soon began to proceed in Jenner’s method. Seven different vaccines came from the single experimental smallpox vaccine. Now the questions were on the horizon. Should everyone be getting vaccinations? Where’s the safety limit? How can they be improved? These questions needed answers, and with a couple hundred years later with all the technology, we would have them(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
In the ancient world there was an awareness of the need for sanitation and for water that was safe for consumption. Efforts at keeping water pure, maintaining access to waters of high quality, and providing sewage disposal were widely practiced. With the diminish of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the middle ages, these practices were largely forgotten, and infectious illnesses became common. Only with the ascendancy of the scientific method and discoveries in the last one hundred years has the connection between water quality, sanitation, and health once again been discovered.
Smallpox was a disease that plagued humankind for centuries, but it was also the only disease to be completely eradicated by vaccination. Edward Jenner’s discovery of the smallpox vaccination offered protection against the illness where no illness would develop. For the few that did survive smallpox, it was known that they became immune to the disease. Considering this, Jenner’s beginnings in the village of Gloucestershire led to him opening a practice as a village surgeon. While he was in his practice, he realized that the women who milked cows suffering from cowpox did not get smallpox. Subsequently, Jenner took the pus from one of the scabs of a milkmaid, and inoculated a young boy, James Phipps, with it. For that reason, Phipps gained
o If there is access to clean water and diseases are not likely to be
As many children around the world attend a privileged school everyday, the idea of missing school due to water-borne illness never crosses their mind, yet for those in less fortunate countries, it is a gift to have the strength and health to attend school on a regular basis. Sickness there is common and many times, water is the cause. “Education is lost to sickness. Economic development is lost while people merely try to survive” (The World Project).
One major outbreak was on March and April 1998. The major outbreak was Salmonella Enteritidis associated with the contamination of cheese in a commercial product. This happened in Newfoundland. Nearly 700 cases were reported, most of which were children that got the illness. It was found that the source of the outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis was the cheese in a prepackaged processed lunch packs. The cheese was contaminated when it was being packaged into the lunch packs. It was never found how the cheese got contaminated, but they discover that the cheese was contaminated before it arrived to the place where the products were processed and packaged. They suspect that something must have happen in Parmalat¡¦s plant, the company that provides the cheeses for the lunch pack, because it was only the cheese that got contaminated. However, they will not release any information, so the real explanation of how the cheese got contaminated will never be known.
Local epidemics are common in places where people are physically close to each other for a length of time. It is common for outbreaks to occur in hospitals, restaurants, cruise ships and schools, due to people consuming the same food, drinking the same water and having direct contact with each other.
People from many developing countries are suffering from the scarcity of clean water, while the rest of the country simply take for granted. Habitants of rural poor communities such as Sub-Saharan Africa, are living in a water stressed environment. Residents of these communities have to walk miles at time just to gather water from streams and ponds, even though the water source may contain water-borne disease that can make them very sick. In the rural places that don’t have access to safe clean water, it is very difficult to prevent the spread of viruses. The consumption of contaminated water can be dangerous for health reasons and several people have passed away from these water-borne diseases. Some of these diseases include Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Giardiasis, and Malaria. These unfortunate diseases are currently the cause of numerous deaths, especially in small children. The availability of clean water can prevent many problems in low income communities. The available resources for clean water are very rare, so these water sources need to pass through a process of water sanitation in order to just be sustainable to drink, “The world’s surface is made up of approximately 80% water, which is an indestructible substance. Of this water approximately 97% is salt water, 2% frozen in glaciers, and only 1% is available for drinking water supply using traditional treatment methods” (Thornton). Therefore, properly treated or disinfected