Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (White Skin): Vertical Section (Slide 7)
List of Tissue: This section shows white skin which is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The structures of the white skin includes the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, merocrine sweat glands, apical (free) surface, basal membrane, sebaceous gland, dense irregular connective tissue, collagen fibers in bundles, a blood vessel, and nuclei of the epithelium.
Description of the tissues: The function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is to provide protection from foreign pathogens, protect against abrasion, and provide waterproofing of the skin. This epithelium is identified by the many layers and flat nuclei towards the apical surface. In the reticular layer there are merocrine glands secrete sweat for thermoregulation. There is a blood vessel which supplies the dermis with nutrients (the epidermis is avascular and receives nutrients through diffusion). The epithelium is attached to the
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dermis through the besetment membrane with type IV collagen. Hair Follicle (Scalp): Vertical Section (Slide 8) List of Tissue: This section shows a hair follicle, along with it’s supporting structures, which is an accessory skin structure. The structures of the scalp includes stratified squamous epithelium keratinized, dense irregular connective tissue, sebaceous glands, infundibulum, and the hair follicle. Description of the tissues: The function of the hair follicle and it’s supporting structures is thermoregulation, sensation, skin lubrication, and slight protection from UV light. The hair follicle interacts with sebaceous glands, which secretes oil to lubricate the hair and skin, and piloerector muscles, which provides a mean of thermoregulation (not visible in this section). The hair follicle bulb usually resides in the reticular layer of the dermis with the shaft of the hair protruding through the epidermis. Cartilage Bone Developing (Endochondral Ossification): Longitudinal Section (Slide 14) List of Tissue: This section shows cartilage bone developing, which represents endochondral ossification. The structures and processes of the cartilage bone developing slide include lacunae, chondrocytes, hyaline cartilage, extracellular matrix, calcified cartilage, bone marrow, bone marrow cavities, ossification, calcification, hypertrophy, and the zone of proliferation. Description of the tissues: The function of endochondral ossification is to replace cartilage, specifically in long bones like the femur, by first replacing the cartilage in the primary ossification site (the middle) and then the secondary ossification sites (at the two ends). The overall process of ossification takes place over multiple steps and its main purpose is build bone, thus providing more structural support as a weight bearing organ. Bone marrow is also present which is responsible for hemopoiesis. Motor Nerve Endings, Muscle (Slide 76) List of Tissue: This section shows multiple motor nerve endings which is identified by the terminal button with vesicles. The structures of the motor nerve endings includes the skeletal muscle (which has striations), the soma (cell body), axon hillock, axon, nucleus of the neuron, dendrites, terminal button, vesicles, and the neuromuscular junction. Description of the tissues: The function of the motor nerve endings is the process of a neuron to send an electrical signal to a muscle, making a mechanical movement. This is done by the propagation of the electrical signal to the axon terminal, allowing the vesicles in the terminal button to release acetylcholine. The acetylcholine is released in the neuromuscular junction, which is then taken up by receptors in the muscle cell. The acetylcholine binds to ion channels, allowing calcium ions to flow into the muscle, which binds to troponin, ultimately aiding in muscle contraction. Rabbit Femur: Longitudinal Section (Slide 16) List of Tissue: This section shows a longitudinal section of a rabbit femur, exposing bone and red bone marrow. The structures in the rabbit femur includes red bone marrow, compact bone, osteocytes, bone extracellular matrix, and adipose. Description of the tissues: Red bone marrow is typically found in the cavity of the diaphysis of long bones. The bone marrow if the site of hemopoiesis, giving rise to erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. In sections of the red bone marrow you could find cells being differentiated into their cell fate. Many of the cells appear to be undifferentiated, which means their final determination has yet to be decided. Compact bone surrounds the bone marrow in order to protect it. This is important because without this extra layer of protection, the bone marrow would be destroyed which would affect our overall functioning in immune response, respiratory function, and nutrient distribution. Artery, Vein, and Nerve (Artery): Cross Section (Slide 47) List of Tissue: This picture shows a cross section of an artery, vein, and nerve. While focusing on the artery part of the slide the structures that are shown are the lumen, internal elastic lamina, tunica media, elastic fibers, external elastic lamina, tunica adventitia, and smooth muscle. Description of the tissues: The artery is identified by having a thicker wall than veins. This structure is important to function mainly because arteries need more muscle to pump the blood away from the heart. The internal elastic lamina has elastic fibers which allows the artery to adjust when the vessel is filled with blood. The tunica media is the layer of the artery which is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Tunica adventitia is made of connective tissue, mainly dense irregular connective tissue. Arteries are important to carry blood away from the heart, both oxygenated and deoxygenated depending on the specific artery. Cerebellum Human (Slide 69) List of Tissue: This picture shows a section of the human cerebellum. The structures in the nerve cells includes the molecular layer, Purkinji cell layer, granule layer, and Purkinji cells. Description of the tissues: The function of the human cerebellum is fine motor control, control of balance, and it also receives information from sensory organs. The molecular layer is the outer layer which has many dendritic branches from stellate and basket cells. The Purkinji cell layer is composed of Purkinji cells which release GABA. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter which regulate motor movements. The granule layer darker inner portion, which is highly cellular. The inner layer stains darker than the outer layer because the inner layer is composed of the cell bodies whereas the outer layer is stained lighter because it mainly contains dendritic branches. Monkey Eye (Retina): (Slide 5) List of Tissue: This picture shows a section of the monkey eye, focusing on the retina.
The structures of the monkey eye retina include adipose, sclera, ciliary body, pigment epithelium, photoreceptor layer, cell bodies of rods and cones, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer, optic nerve fibers, inner limiting membrane, and the vitreous body.
Description of the tissues: The function of the retina is to absorb the light that is refracted through the lens in order to visualize objects in the visual field. The pigment epithelium absorb the light that the cell bodies of rods and cones fail to absorb to reduce light scattering. The information that was picked up by the photoreceptors are then relayed to the ganglion cell layer. The message is then relayed to the optic nerve fibers which synapse with the optic nerve, sending the visual information to the brain for further
analysis.
The second layer of the skin is called the dermis and is also known as the middle layer. The dermis is what holds the body together. The dermis has layers to it as well as the epidermis. There are two layers to the dermis, the papillary layer and the reticular layer. The cells of the dermis are fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, and scattered white blood cells (wbc’s). the dermis is richly supplied with nerve fibers and BV;s. dermal BV’s is also a part of the integumentary system, dermal BV,s have converging and diverging vessels that ar...
Hair is considered one of the components of the integumentary system, along with the skin, nails, glands and nerves. Mammalian hair has many functions including protection from environmental factors and the ability to disperse sweat gland products such as pheromones. Almost every part of the human body is covered by hair except for the palms, hands and bottoms of the feet. On average, every person has about five million hairs; each of these hairs is born from a follicle or tiny tube-like structure that grows into the dermis layer of the skin. Oftentimes this follicle even reaches the subcutaneous layer, which is made of fat and connective tissue. (UXL Complete Health Research, 2001)
The epidermis, which is the outer layer of the skin, is made up of four to five layers in some parts (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). In the majority of the areas, just four layers can be differentiated: the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum (p.119). Another layer is the stratum lucidum which can be found in the thicker part of the skin of the palms and ...
It is much thicker than the epidermis and contains collagen, reticular and elastic fibers, and is vascular. The area where the dermis meets the epidermis is unique in that the epidermis contains ridges at the stratum basale layer which interlocks with the dermal papillae, which are upward projections, like waves, on the uppermost surface of the dermis. The dermis had two sublayers. The papillary layer is in the dermal papillae and near it and is made up of areolar tissue. The reticular layer is dense irregular connective tissue that is found at the basal end of the dermis and contains collagen and adipose
Epithelia tissue : Epithelial tissue, the type of tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities of your body 's organs, epithelia may be composed of several layers of cells called compound epithelia or just a single layer known as simple epithelia.
Our skin functions as a daily defense for our bodies against disease because of skin and mucous membranes. The skin is a massive organ and it protects everything inside our bodies such as our muscles, bones and organs. Our skin protects us from bacteria, parasites, viruses and pathogens ...
An inspection of the modern animal phyla will reveal that eyes are just as diverse as they are complex. Some organisms like the rag worm have pigmented cup eyes while other like he box jellyfish have two lens eyes and two pairs of pigment pit eyes. To account for the diversity in eye structure, we must first examine the eye ‘prototype’, the original structure that was acted upon by evolution. The simplest organ that can be considered an eye is composed of a single photoreceptor cell and a single pigment cell, without any lens or other refractive body (Arendt, 2003). Such organs are know as eyespots, and...
Macular degeneration in general can affect many people in minor or drastic ways. People who experience this form often complain of vision loss when they are in dim light, especially when they are reading. The "dry" type is often characterized by a more gradual loss of vision compared to the "wet" type. Signs of this disease include an increase in drusen, which is an accumulation of a yellow-white substance, in the underside of the macular retina. A loss of cells can be seen in the macula. The macula is our sensitive sight region, where intricate detail can be seen. Thus, vision in this area is helpful and necessary to drive, read, focus on small details, and recognize familiar faces. The macula is located in the back of the eye known as the retina. The macula is only about 5 mm in diameter, and includes the fovea, which gives us our detailed central vision. If a person suffers from the "dry" form in one eye they will be more likely to develop it in the other eye as well.
The first layer, the epidermis, contains keratin which is a water proof protein. This makes the body water proof and keeps water from entering the body. This layer also consist of two specialized cells, langerhans cells and melanocytes. Langerhans cells are macrophages which is a white blood cell that phagocytize infectious agents. They then travel to lymphatic organs. Melanocytes lye deep in the epidermis, and produces melanin. This is the main pigment for skin color. The second layer, the dermis, is a fibrous connective tissue. It is made up of dense fibrous connective tissue and consist of collagen and elastic fibers. The purpose of the collagen fibers are to allow stretching to prevent tearing of the skin; unlike the elastic fibers which only allows for normal tension for stretching, allowing movement of muscles and joints. As we age, the fibers become weaker causing the skin to wrinkle. The blood vessels in the dermis help
The four main components of the eye that are responsible for producing an image are the cornea, lens, ciliary muscles and retina. Incoming light rays first encounter the cornea. The bulging shape of the cornea causes it to refract light similar to a convex lens. Because of the great difference in optical density between the air and the corneal material and because of the shape of the cornea, most of the refraction to incoming light rays takes place here. Light rays then pass through the pupil, and then onto the lens. A small amount of additional refraction takes place here as the light rays are "fine tuned" so that they focus on the retina.
To begin we will look at the integumentary system and its entire multitude of functions. The main components of the integumentary system are the skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves. For the purpose of this paper we will focus mainly on the levels of the skin and their functions. While the integumentary
parts to it; the choroids, ciliary body, and the iris. The choroids is what provides
Every organ in the human body is composed of one or more tissues. The study of these tissues is known as histology. It is because of histology that the structure of organs can be researched and understood. Since organs are composed of tissues, it is important to understand each tissue type, their structure, their location, and their functions to better understand how each organ operates within the human body.
One sub-system under the sensory system is the visual system; the main sense organs of this are the eyes. The eye is the sensory organ that allows us to detect light from external stimuli. When a light ray is detected, the eye converts these rays into electrical signals that can be sent to the brain in order to process the information and giv...
As further protection, the eyelids automatically close when an object suddenly moves close to the eye.Parts Of the EyeThe eye is made of 3 coats, or tunics. The outermost coat consists of the cornea and the sclera. The middle coat contains the main blood supply to the eye and consists of the choroid, the ciliary body, and the Iris. The innermost layer is the retina.Cornea and ScleraThe Sclera, or the white of the eye, is composed of tough fibrous tissue. On the exposed area of the eye the scleral surface is covered with a mucous membrane called the conjunctiva.