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Policy of Appeasement – examples and why people supported it
Failure of the League of Nations in the promotion of peace
Failure of the League of Nations in the promotion of peace
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Keith Eubank’s Appeasement and Appeasers and Gerhard Weinberg’s Munch after 50 Years both describe the policy of appeasement as well as the general consequences of the policy. Essentially, the League of Nations had begun to crumble and individuals sought a new means to keep the peace. The basic idea of appeasement was to give Hitler what he wanted in order to dissuade him from declaring war. Collectively, Europe saw another war as a sort of unspeakable evil, one to be prevented at all costs. Therefore, the plan was to assume that once Hitler was negotiated with, he would stop the excessive aggression that people feared would inevitably lead to another world war. Although the appeasement process had begun prior to 1938, the real key example is seen during the Sudeten Crisis. Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister at the time, believed and practiced appeasement.
The Sudetenland was the land occupied by many Germans along the borders of Czechoslovakia. The German residents began seeking a union with the rest of Germany, but the Czechs wouldn’t allow it. The Munich Agreement, which failed to take Czechoslovakia’s opinion into account, gave the Sudetenland to Germany. Appeasement was ended when Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. The invasion itself proved that Hitler had been lying at Munich and he was not solely interested in building a
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Because of his businessman attitude, Chamberlain saw both Hitler and Mussolini as fellow businessmen, but he didn’t trust them. He offered them deals that would be beneficial to all involved parties. In fact, Chamberlain treated Hitler simply as a German politician with strong nationalistic beliefs in regards to the the Versailles treaty and the apparent suffering of German people. Chamberlain feared another war so much that appeasement seemed to be the best
In the 1930s, European governments found it necessary to appease Hitler and Mussolini. Appeasement is the word that clearly sums up the policies and actions that were taken by the European governments. There were a few reasons that these concessions were offered by European countries: none of the countries wanted another World War, the devastating effects that the Great Depression had on each country, and the European governmental chaos and political turmoil was widespread.
It failed to produce the desired results, but rather added fuel to the fire. At the Munich Conference the Big Four discussed the demands for the territory of Czechoslovakia and ultimately gave into Hitler’s request. While many people like Neville Chamberlain argued that appeasement was the best option Winston Churchill viewed it as a consequential decision. Churchill stated that he, “thinks of all the opportunities to stop the growth of Nazi Power which have been thrown away.” No action was taken to establish the security of Czechoslovakia making the Nazi’s more powerful. Appeasement did not defer the hostility that the desire for expansion brought on, but made it escalate. When Ethiopia was invaded by the Italians the emperor, Haile Selassie, was denied assistance from the Leage of Nations. He warned them what would happened if the aggressors were not stopped and wrote, “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.” Haile Selassie knew that aggressors were going to continue to seek for more land and that any nation could be attacked next. Not only was appeasement an effort to satisfy the demands of dissatisfied powers in hope of maintaining stability, but it was also the disregardance of possibly serious conflict. The League of Nations incapability to be a forceful united front allowed for the Axis Powers to become even more willing to break boundaries. Appeasement was used to be the path of least resistance, but it would never stop the
Mussolini's foreign policy was inconsistent and opportunistic. Hitler never hid his territorial ambitions. He aimed at complete reversal of the Treaty of Versailles, seeking "living space" for Germany and satisfying the popular nostalgic hankering of the return of German greatness. Hitler carried out conscription and full-scale rearmament, annexed Austria, Czechoslovakia and invaded Poland. They even formed the Axis and withdrew from the League of Nations.
Yet during the time appeasement seemed to be logical, as stated in document 8 only the German people could take away Hitler’s power which is why the League tried to appease to Hitler. Also the League feared that if they defeated Germany, Russia would take over most of Europe in their absence. While those are good reasons to try to appease to Hitler, the League of Nations forgot one important detail, Germany wasn’t afraid of the League. Neville Chamberlain the prime minister of Britain was an avid supporter of appeasement, yet even he said he would fight Germany if they were trying to dominate the world by fear of its force according to document 5. What Chamberlain failed to notice was that is what Germany was trying to do.
the result of both Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations, as a result Hitler wanted to be
In 1922, Benito Mussolini held leadership in Italy, promising a proficient and militaristic nationalistic state. During his control as prime minister, he gained a large group of followers, banned the disparagement of government, and used extreme violence against his enemies within the parliament. According to Oppenheimer, Adolf Hitler idolized Mussolini’s rise and respected his tactics to gain power. Hitler was a violent leader who brought For example, “corporatism” largely contributed to later policies that we still practice today.
In a political context, appeasement is the idea of pleasing an enemy in order to avoid conflict, such as war. This is what Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, decided to do with Hitler in 1938 to avoid another European war. Some argue that appeasement was not a good idea because it gave Hitler what he wanted, but in other ways it was a very strategic move. Appeasement delayed war and showed that European countries could be responsible about political issues before jumping to conclusions. It also gave the countries more time to build up their armies to be prepared for any type of conflict. It was a fair thing to do because Germany had lost so much due to the Treaty of Versailles and deserved to recover. Appeasement was not a mistake because in the end everything turned out for the better.
However, when confronted with a strict policy of appeasement, by both the French and the English, the stage was set for a second World War. Taylor constructs a powerful and effective argument by expelling certain dogmas that painted Hitler as a madman, and by evaluating historical events as a body of actions and reactions, disagreeing with the common idea that the Axis had a specific program from the start. The book begins with the conclusion of the First World War, by exploring the idea that critical mistakes made then made a second war likely, yet not inevitable. Taylor points out that although Germany was defeated on the Western front, “Russia fell out of Europe and ceased to exist, for the time being, as a Great Power. The constellation of Europe was profoundly changed—and to Germany’s advantage.”
Meanwhile, Fuhrer Hitler and the Nazi party were continuing their domination of Europe and threatening to invade Czechoslovakia, which many felt would most likely incite another World War. To prevent this, England, France, Italy and Germany entered into an agreement, which would allow Germany to seize control of Sudetenland and is today known as the ‘Munich Pact’. Sudetenland had a large German population and its borders were in strategically strong areas for the German military. For negotiations to be successful there are many components that one must be aware of such as personalities of all parties, end goals of each person and the history of the country. England led the process with an appeasement policy as an attempt to mollify Hitler and the Nazi party and prevent war, which this pact did not.
Both men are known for the change in history, and their change in the views of political parties. Mussolini came into power in 1922 and sought to make Fascism the only party in Italy, because he believed it was superior to all other parties. Both Mussolini and Hitler wanted to create a better economy for their countries, and had big plans to change the way their countries viewed things. Mussolini abolished democracy, and would not listen and shun any ideas or citizens who opposed his political views. Although the men were quite similar in the ways they set goals for their countries, Hitler was extreme in his plans for future Germany.
The 1920s had a good outlook towards peace, but near the end of the decade and throughout the 1930s signs of war were forming. Leaders arose in countries that were unsatisfied with the results of World War I. Germany, Italy, and Japan took aggressive actions, and neither the League of Nations nor the democratic countries were stopping them. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain suggested the policy of appeasement towards Hitler to keep peace. Europe moved closer to war as these actions were made. World War II was propelled by the lack of judgement by the League of Nations by continuous appeasing Hitler.
Hitler and Mussolini formed a brutal friendship that not only affected the nations that they controlled, but affected the history of the world from then on. End Notes 1. What is the difference between a. and a Villari, Luigi. Italian Foreign Policy Under Mussolini? New York: The Devin Adair.
Exploring the Similarities and Differences Between the Foreign Policies of Mussolini and Hitler Similarities - Both foreign policies geared to achieving great power status o Hitler: lebensraum, wanted to have living space for the expansion of the German race and control over other groups o Mussolini: wanted control over Mara nostrum, Abyssinia, …an empire - fascist states o had anti communist feelings; o both signed anti comintern pact 1937 against USSR o Spanish civil war against communism helping Franco secure power o Signed pact of steel in may 1939, a full military alliance - unhappy with status quo, wanted international prestige o national grievances on Versailles, people wanted to change Versailles o Hitler, product of WW1 who was angry at Versailles and wanted to see Germany achieve great power status o Mussolini; felt that Italy had been treated unfairly at Versailles and also waned to change the status quo o Because of this both built up armies, navies and air forces.. Italian air force to block out the sun + German luftwaffe… - both Hitler and Mussolini, used diplomacy and force as well as aggression to get what they wanted o Mussolini over Greece where it undermined the LofN, used force to take Abyssinia 1935 o Hitler used the threat of force to take Austria and diplomacy as well as force to take Czech and Saarland in 193… - by 1939 both had a common enemy; Britain and France - both were aggressive nationalists and glorified warw - both wanted empires; abysinnia and lebenstraum to distract from problems at home.. Differences - Hitler was more clear in his aims and ideals whereas Mussolini was more vague and opportunistic o Although Hitler did take advantage of opportunities such as Abyssinia crises to remilitarise Rhineland he was more structured in his aims for Lebensraum, unification of all Germans, building up the army and recovering lost territories § Illustrated by Hitler’s success after success ; Rhineland in 36,
In conclusion, the policy of appeasement was described by some scholars as ineffective. The fact that the policy of appeasement failed to avert World War 2 is a direct justification that it was a wrong-headed policy. The policy allowed Germany to reconstruct its military slowly and eventually was prepared to go into war to defend its military triumph. Chamberlain was aware of Hitler’s ambitions, but thought that the best alternative to deal with his ambitions was negotiations. This was a misguided move which the world is able to learn from.
Both Mussolini and Hitler believed that women should stay home and bear children. They both wanted women out of the work force. The women worked to hard to get where they are. No dictator would drive them out. They both failed.