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Universal law of kant
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Background All decisions we make are guided by an influenced belief or a maxim. A maxim is an individual rule that we use in our negotiations to steer our conduct. Maxims contain our principles and intentions; they point toward our general character. A solid and well intentioned maxim is universalizable. The precise significance of universalizability is contentious, but the most widespread interpretation is that the categorical imperative asks whether the maxim of your action could become one that everyone could act upon in similar circumstances. An irrational maxim is self-defeating, as it cannot be consistently willed with its intended goal; in other words, it cannot provide a rational guide for human action since it cannot in principle serve as the rule for all persons. Of course’ this in and of itself is highly debated as what can be applied to all people is a far cry from hat should be applied to all people. A rational maxim would be one which made sense for any rational person to obey in similar circumstances. It is our obligation as people worthy of dignity to administer our own actions by rational maxims. Same sex marriage rights in the United States My universal maxim would be for the allowance of gay people to participate in our democratic process of marriage. This issue is very critical in today’s modern debate and could be easily argued for and against on moral, religious and ethical grounds. It should be noted that Kant’s views were created along time ago and although Kant was alive in a very different time, many people believe he was in fact, a homosexual, so his teaching could have been based on his own social shame or his own fear of exposure, but that could be an entire paper by itself. So let us explo... ... middle of paper ... ...terosexual marriage being outlawed when both parties can not reproduce. If the thought of heterosexual marriage being outlawed doesn’t seem right, then what would make it right for homosexuals? Kant is in a sense also a hard line Universalist because he stands by this: we are human and should be treated fairly by one another. I have come to the conclusion that Kant would also say that we should not outlaw same sex marriage. Reference: Brunfield, J. (2011). Purchase professor applies Kant’s philosophy to abortion, same-sex marriage debates. Pelham Patch, Retrieved from http://pelham.patch.com/articles/purchase-professor-applies-kants-philosophy-to-abortion-same-sex-marriage-debates Kant, Immanuel. (1998). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. Cambridge University Press, 1998. pg 53. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalizability"
Rachels, James, and Stuart Rachels. "7,8,9,10." In The elements of moral philosophy. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. 97-145.
Johnson, R 2014, ‘Kant's Moral Philosophy,’ The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (Spring Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), .
Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. Trans. H. J. Paton. 1964. Reprint. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought, 2009. Print.
Kant argued that the Categorical Imperative (CI) was the test for morally permissible actions. The CI states: I must act in such a way that I can will that my maxim should become a universal law. Maxims which fail to pass the CI do so because they lead to a contradiction or impossibility. Kant believes this imperative stems from the rationality of the will itself, and thus it is necessary regardless of the particular ends of an individual; the CI is an innate constituent of being a rational individual. As a result, failure ...
O'Neill, O. (1986). A Simplified Account of Kantian Ethics. Matters of life and death (pp. 44-50). n.a.: McGraw-Hill.
Kant, Immanuel, and Mary J. Gregor. The Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Print.
Kant, Immanuel. "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Immanuel Kant." Fifty Readings Plus: An Introduction to Philosophy. Ed. Donald C. Abel. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2004. 404-16. Print.
Johnson, R. (2013). Kant’s moral philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2013 Edition). Zalta, E. (Ed.). Retrieved online from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/kant-moral/
Fred Feldman, 'Kant's Ethics Theory: Exposition and Critique' from H. J. Curzer, ed Ethical Theory and Moral Problems, Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1999.
Kant, Immanuel, translated by Wood, Allen W. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. http://www.inp.uw.edu.pl/mdsie/Political_Thought/Kant%20-%20groundwork%20for%20the%20metaphysics%20of%20morals%20with%20essays.pdf
Kant’s moral philosophy is very direct in its justification of human rights, especially the ideals of moral autonomy and equality as applied to rational human beings. John Stuart Mills’ theory of utilitarianism also forms a solid basis for human rights, especially his belief that utility is the supreme criterion for judging morality, with justice being subordinate to it. The paper looks at how the two philosophers qualify their teachings as the origins of human rights, and comes to the conclusion that the moral philosophy of Kant is better than that of Mills. Emmanuel Kant Kant’s moral philosophy is built around the formal principles of ethics rather than substantive human goods. He begins by outlining the principles of reasoning that can be equally expected of all rational persons, regardless of their individual desires or partial interests.
The first formulation of the categorical imperative is “act only in a way the maxim of which can be consistently willed as a universal law of nature.” This formulation in principle has as its supreme law, “always act according to that maxim whose universality as a law you can at the same time will” and is the only condition under which a will can ever come into conflict with itself. The “universalizability test” is one meaning of the first formulation. This test has five steps which are, first formulate a maxim that holds sacred your reason for acting as you propose. Second, recast that maxim as a universal law of nature governing all rational agents. And third, think whether your maxim is even conceivable in a world governed by the law of nature. The fourth test is to ask yourself whether in this world you could, rationally will to act on your maxim. With five if you could then, your action is morally permissible. An example of the first formulation of the categorical imperative would be lying. “I will lie for personal benefit.” So lying is the action and the motivation is to get what you desire and together they form the maxim.
‘Kantian Ethics’ in [EBQ] James P Sterba (ed) Ethics: the Big Questions, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998, 185-198. 2) Kant, Immanuel. ‘Morality and Rationality’ in [MPS] 410-429. 3) Rachel, James. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
O’Neill, Onora. “Kantian Ethics.” A Companion to Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 1991. 175-185. Print.
Overall Kant’s theory is the closest we can come to when following the path to the good life. Even though he agrees with abortion and the idea that a tiny slap to a person will make a difference, he does fight against anything that does not show ultimate intention or good will.