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Infant developent essay
Central theme of attachment theory
Erik erikson theory on personality
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Several theoretical perspectives on emotional well being came to the open so as to further illustrate on how to understand the emotional well being of a child and how to deal the process of developing a quality life on children. John Bowlby deals with the theory of attachment; he believed that babies should have a strong foundation that will be started from the mother in the first year of life. He stated that there will be serious effects if the baby will be separated from the mother at early life. He even wrote a letter during the Second World War relating to the protection of the children who were being evacuated and separated from their parents and will be given to foster parents until the war will be over. A colleague of Bowlby, Mary …show more content…
The process of developing a secure relationship, bonding, and attachment starts from newborn. During childbirth, the baby is at first placed in the abdomen of the mother to establish bonding before putting the baby in the bassinette or incubator if baby is premature. Several theorists also formulated on the psychosocial development from birth to adult and Erik Erikson became known to all as he related a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory identifying 8 stages of development that a person passes through from infancy to adulthood. He developed stages illustrating negative and positive effect on the psychosocial development of a human being from birth to old age and this is Trust versus Mistrust relating to infancy, Autonomy versus shame and doubt relating to early childhood, Initiative versus guilt relating to preschool age, Industry versus inferiority relating to school age, Identity versus role confusion relating to adolescence, Intimacy versus isolation relating to young adulthood, Generativity versus stagnation relating to middle adulthood, and Ego integrity versus despair relating to maturity or old age. Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist and his theory became popular and …show more content…
The EYP organizes activities developing emotional well being in the school, working in a positive and affirmative manner. Each child is respected and treated uniquely in the classroom and activities were planned making the children feel that they are involved helps them establish an emotional well being. Children are encouraged to take part, formulating activities that would make the child participate, thus promotes fun and learning. Building the self esteem of the child is another important role of an EYP, and this makes up another foundation of a child in his/her personality development. Every individual has the desire to achieve higher and this can be measured by self esteem. There should be encouragement always in the part of the EYP by being positive and respectful so children feels confident enough to contribute in every activity. Rejection and embarrassment is totally eradicated. The EYP creates a caring environment by having an open eyes, ears, hands requiring full attention to details involving the child. Emotions are echoes of what and who we are as individuals and the EYP should be adept to extreme situations that would misunderstand the reactions a child may see. The behavior of the EYP requires to be positive and sympathetic all the time being the key person in
Erik Erikson developed the psychosocial theory, and “he describes our social experiences during our whole life span using eight different stages” (Cherry 2015). The first four stages are “trust vs. mistrust; which describes how the child needs to be able to trust their adult figures, autonomy vs. shame and doubt; which is about person control, initiative vs. guilt; which is about children learning to lead others, industry vs. inferiority; which is about gaining a sense of pride in things” (Cherry 2015). The final four stages are “identity vs. confusion; which begins the sense of self, intimacy vs. isolation; which explores personal relationships, generativity vs. stagnation; which focuses on career and family, and the final stage being integrity vs. despair; which describes reflecting back on life” (Cherry
He implemented eight psychosocial stages which includes trust versus mistrust. One example of the specified inclusions are infants. In order to come to a resolution for these feelings of insecurity, infants look towards their care givers for care and stability to fulfill their desired needs. With autonomy versus shame stage, children begin to assert their independence, utilizing their skills otherwise they will end up doubting their abilities. Initiative versus guilt is another stage where pre-scholars develop initiative by devising and carrying out bold plans. These people plan activities, developing a sense of initiative with others therefore feeling secure in their ability to lead and make decisions. The identity versus role confusion stage is noted as Erikson’s most popular. He characterized adolescence as a crucial and critical time of identity development. To achieve a sense of identity some adolescents attempt to define and explore who they are regarding their career choice, religion, political views, sexual orientation etc., figuring out a way to fit into society. According to Erikson, “the adolescent mind is essentially a mind or moratorium, a psychosocial stage between the morality learned by the child, and the ethics to be developed by the adult” (Erikson, 1963, p.245. As they go through the different sexual and
Erikson’s psychosocial stages generally occur with important age related events, presenting the individual with a conflict, or question to be answered. For example, the first stage (birth to two years of age) presents a crisis of trust vs. mistrust coinciding with the important event of feeding. In this stage a child develops a sense of competence (or lack of) over their ability to trust others.
Erickson states that this stage is the most important of all the stages of development because this the fundamental stage for all the others. Erickson labeled this stage as the “Trust vs. Mistrust”, during this stage an infant is completely dependent on the adult caretaker. Developing this trust is the first stage of development, if the infant is able to gain trust they would feel safe and secure. However, if the infant does not build a trust with the caretaker they would feel rejected as well as having a mistrusted in people and the world. In my opinion like Erickson stated this stage is the most crucial, every infant needs love and support early in their life, without the fundamental stage developed early during their life it could possibly hinder their development as well as leading to psychological stress. This stage could have also related to Erickson’s life as he never built any trust with a father figure. His biological father abandoned him before he was born and he was never accepted by his stepfather. This hinders his development of a trust as well as hinder his ability to find an
Erikson believed that people develop in psychosocial stages. He emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development result as we go through the life span. Each stage consists of a crisis that must be faced. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point. The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.
The first stage of Erik Erikson 's theory of psychosocial development takes place between birth and one year of age. It is the most important stage in life. He named this stage, Trust vs. Mistrust. At this important time in a child’s development, the child is completely dependent on an adult for everything; food, love, warmness, protection, and nurturing. If the caregiver fails to be successful in providing acceptable care and love, the young child will feel that they cannot trust or depend on the adults in their life. When a young child develops trust, the child will feel safe and protected in the world. If a child fails to develop trust,
He concluded that the infant initiates the bonding sequence, but it is the mother’s behaviors that strengthen their bonding (Hutchinson, 2013). Mary Ainsworth was Bowlby’s most famous collaborator in explaining human attachment and conducted experiments that demonstrated that affectional bonds between infants and caregivers are persistent and not transitory (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall, 1978). As a result of his upbringing in an upper-middle-class family in London, which included a nanny, an absent mother, and boarding school by the age of seven, as well as the time he spent working as a volunteer in a school for maladjusted children, John Bowlby developed the attachment theory (Bretherton, 1992). His conclusion, based on his research and available empirical evidence, was that for an infant and young child to grow up mentally healthy, they should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with their mother or permanent caregiver. If this could be accomplished, both the child and the caregiver would experience satisfaction and enjoyment (Bowlby, 1951)....
Eric Erikson was one of the most famous theorists of the twentieth century; he created many theories. One of the most talked about theories is his theory of psychosocial development. This is a theory that describes stages in which an individual should pass as they are going through life. His theory includes nine stages all together. The original theory only included eight stages but Erikson‘s wife found a ninth stage and published it after his death. The nine stages include: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair (Crandell and Crandell, p.35-36)).
John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist, he describes attachment as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Bowlby, 1969, p.194), he believed that the earliest bonds that were formed between child and caregiver has a huge impact that continues throughout the infants life. Attachment is said to help keep the infant close to their mother, so it improves the child’s chance of survival.
Bowlby’s attachment theory has greatly influenced his practice. His theory of attachment explains the importance of having a figure that the child shares a strong bond with. Having an attachment can significantly support a child’s development, as Barbara Woods suggests that “his theory of attachment proposed that attachment is innate in both infants and mothers, and that the formation of this attachment is crucial for the infants development” Wood, B (2001, p.53). Bowlby believed that forming an attachment will help a child develop in all areas, e.g. emotionally, physically and mentally. However, if they did not form an attachment during the sensitive period, the child may have issues or problems in their cognitive, emotional and social development.
The first stage of Erikson’s theory occurs in infancy, which occurs roughly from birth to 18 months. Infancy is an important stage according to Erikson’s theory. In this stage, the individual learns how to trust other individuals. If all the individual’s needs are met in this stage...
Erik Erikson was best known for his eight-stage theory of psychosocial development. His theory developed out of, and elaborated upon, Freud’s early theories in the development stages of life. Where Freud’s theory had only three stages of life, beginning with the first 4-5 years in the infantile period and having the latency period from around 5-years of age until puberty and a final stage of the genital period from puberty until the end of one’s life; Erikson developed a theory that included eight stages of development ranging from infancy to old age but including the early childhood, play age, school age, adolescence, young adulthood and full adulthood (Feist & Feist, 2009).
In conclusion we can safely say that Erikson's psychosocial stages of human development made various contributions to the study of human development. The theory offers a useful framework for analyzing developmental histories. The theory helps create interest and research on human development through the lifespan. It also assists care givers to adopt the correct parenting styles that can yield positive results. Critics of Erikson's theory say that his theory is more applicable to boys than to girls, and that more attention is paid to infancy and childhood than to adult life, despite the claim to be a life-span theory. Critics also say that single words can be misleading and rarely convey much meaning whilst others say that the universality of his theory can and must be questioned.
Erikson’s stages has given me a chance to examine my life from birth in diverse stages. The channel of life that I have gone through from my early childhood and most parts of my adult life. Erikson’s psychosocial development has helped me to understand the changes as I go through life. Erikson stages is a set of guide to pave my way in to adulthood. I have learn that each stage is a form of representation of a foundational shift of life. Erikson’s psychosocial theory discovers that our development normally proceeds throughout nine developmental stages that have a moral concept of life itself.
Erik Erikson’s eight Stages of man; politically known as the eight stages of psychosocial development. He promotes social interactions as a motivation to personality development. Erickson studied stages from the beginning of the life cycle to the later stages of life. Erickson was trained under the famous Sigmund Freud. His belief was that it wasn’t only sex that motivated personality development. Social interaction and a growing sense of competence is the key to it all. Because his beliefs differed from the beliefs of Freud, Erikson quickly began to work on his own. Erickson has focused on many different eras of psychological development.