Japan's Purple Machine
Codes and ciphers have played many crucial roles in the past 3000 years, protecting the secrets of caesars and laymen. In World War II numerous nations used cryptographic systems to conceal their secret intentions and plans from the spying eyes of enemies everywhere. Cryptanalysts, however, undeterred by the complexity of the crypto-systems, worked diligently, trying to find any sort of weakness that would allow a break into the cipher and expose the secrets contained within. During the late 1930s two nations, Japan and the United States, were in a state of intense negotiations regarding various political conflicts. The US trying to indirectly help the Allies set numerous conditions for Japan that prevented her from receiving crucial resources and embarking on its agreed upon mission with its European friends. In the midst of this, a machine cipher, codenamed Purple was performing a vital role in the war making policies for both Japan and the United States. A rarely told story about a secret operation in the US involved in breaking Japan's most secure crypto-system reveals a truly remarkable set of events that not only shaped the outcome of WWII, but also spearheaded the launch of numerous intelligence agencies for protecting the citizens of its nations and preventing surprise attacks such as the one on Pearl Harbor.
Japan's New Cipher Machine
In the early 1930s, the Japanese Navy purchased a commercial version of the German Enigma and proceeded to modify it by adding features which enhanced its security (Kahn 6). The system that evolved was one of the most secure cryptographic machines in the world. The machine was codenamed "Red" by the US government and was used to encrypt the highest level ...
... middle of paper ...
...ng. March 01, 2004. http://www.faircount.com/web04/pearlharbor/pdfs/codebreakers.pdf
Hatch, A. David. Enigma and Purple: How the Allies Broke German and Japanese Codes During the War. March 06, 2004.
http://cadigweb.ew.usna.edu/Lwdj/papers/cryptoday/hatch j,urple.ps
Kahn, David. The Codebreakers. New York: Scribner, 1996.
Kurzeja, Karen. Pearl Harbor & Ciphering Methods. March 1, 2004. http://raphael.math.uic.edu/Jeremy/crypt/contrib/kurzeja.html
Momsen, Bill. Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II. March 07, 2004. http://home.earthlink.net/–nbrassl/3enigma.htm
Perloff, James. Pearl Harbor. The New American. December 8, 1986. http://www.thenewamerican.com/departments/feature/l 999/070499.htm
Young, Frank Pierce. Flame & Blame at Pearl Harbor. The Responsibility Question. March 01, 2004. http://www.microworks.net/pacific/special/flamel.htm
The author of this essay is Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He was the president of the United States at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack. The purpose of this speech was to inform the entire United States about what had happened the day before at Pearl Harbor. The nation was to be warned that the United States was going to declare war against Japan. The intended audience is everyone in the United States. President Roosevelt ef...
This code actually proved vital to the success of the Allied efforts in World War II. Because the Code Talkers performed their duty expertly and efficiently, the Marines could count on both the ...
Blair Jr., Clay (1975). Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. p. 1072.
Victor Frankenstein is a scientist whose ambition will be fatal. His story is central to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Nevertheless, Shelley gave a frame to Victor's tale as Frankenstein begins and ends with Captain Walton's letters. In this analysis, I will show that Shelley did not insert the letters by chance, but that they add a deeper dimension to the novel.
During the first four letters of Frankenstein, Walton's ambitions are revealed. He is on a journey and takes himself and his crew through treacherous conditions, and yet, he continues. His ambition causes him to disregard the possibility of death and the danger he is putting himself and others in in order to reach his goal. Unlike Victor though, Walton is able to save himself, all thanks to Victor himself. After spending some time with Walton on the ship, Victor realizes that Walton shares his ambitious nature. He asks him, “Unhappy man! Do you share my madness? Have you drunk also from the intoxicating draught? Hear me; let me reveal my tale, and you will dash the cup from your lips!” After telling him about the dangers of ambition, Victor tells Walton, “Farewell, Walton! Seek happiness and tranquility and avoid ambition, even it it be only the apparently innocent one of distinguishing yourself in science and
The creator of the monster, Victor Frankenstein is a man full of knowledge and has a strong passion for science. He pushes the boundary of science and creates a monster. Knowledge can be a threat when used for evil purposes. Though Victor did not intend for the being to be evil, society’s judgement on the monster greatly affects him. As a result he develops hatred for his creator as well as all man-kind. Victor’s anguish for the loss of his family facilitates his plan for revenge to the monster whom is the murderer. While traveling on Robert Walton’s ship he and Victor continue their pursuit of the monster. As Victor’s death nears he says, “…or must I die, and he yet live? If I do, swear to me Walton, that he shall not escape, that you will seek him and satisfy my vengeance in his death…Yet, when I am dead if he should appear, if the ministers of vengeance should conduct him to you, swear that he shall not live-swear that he shall not triumph over my accumulated woes and survive to add to the list of his dark crimes” (pg.199). Victor grieves the death of William, Justine, Clerval, Elizabeth and his father. Throughout the novel he experiences the five stages of grief, denial/ isolation, anger, bargaining, depression and finally acceptance. Victor denies ...
In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley combines three separate stories involving three different characters--Walton, Victor, and Frankenstein's monster. Though the reader is hearing the stories through Walton's perspective, Walton strives for accuracy in relating the details, as he says, "I have resolved every night,...to record, as nearly as possible in his [Victor's] own words, what he has related during the day" (Shelley 37). Shelley's shift in point of view allows for direct comparison and contrast between the characters, as the reader hears their stories through the use of first person. As the reader compares the monster's circumstances to those of Victor and Walton, the reader's sympathy for the monster greatly increases.
Although “Frankenstein” is the story of Victor and his monster, Walton is the most reliable narrator throughout the novel. However, like most narrator’s, even his retelling of Victor’s story is skewed by prejudice and favoritism of the scientist’s point of view. Yet this could be attributed to the only view points he ever gets to truly hear are from Victor himself and not the monster that he only gets to meet after he comes to mourn his fallen master.
Genetically modified organisms are “an organism whose genome has been altered in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the output of desired biological products.” http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/genetically%20modified%20organism%20(gmo). The United States were first approved for human consumption of genetically modified foods in 1995. The techniques used for producing the genetically developed organisms include cloning recombinant DNA technology. Primary uses of genetically modified organisms are mostly in areas of agriculture and biomedical research. GMOs compromise numerous aids to society, including enlarged crop yields and the development of fresh therapeutic agents which prevent and treat a wide variety of human diseases . However there are some concerns around the use of genetically modified organisms which include the risks stood to human health and the initiation of insecticide resistant superbugs. This essay will provide evidence to support the evidence that the genetic modifications of crops produces better results than selective breeding or mutation.
In the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelly, the first characters introduced are Robert Walton and Margaret Saville. The characterization of the siblings is seen through Walton’s letters to Margaret. In these letters it shows that Walton is an adventurer. He has grown up in a life of “ease and luxury” but believes he can accomplish a great purpose. He states in his second letter, “the first fourteen years of my life I ran wild on a common and read nothing but our Uncle Thomas’ books of voyages.” This not only shows where he has gotten most of his education, but also how he got the idea to go on such a voyage. His sense of adventure is also something that he got from his father as he says in his first letter, “…on learning that my father’s dying
...tors story to be dangerous. and although Victor Frankenstein succumbed into his own fate… If you look at the top of pg. 31, Victor warns Robert that if “You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been” (31).
Robert and Victor are very similar in a lot of ways, but different also in a huge way. Comparing the two characters, Andrew McCulloch’s wrote that there is, “…a series of ironic contrasts and similarities is established between him and Victor Frankenstein” (pg??). Similar to Victor, Robert has decided to go on this quest for glory. Both think their work will result in a benefit to mankind and both are obsessed with their respective quest. Both of them also have quite the romantic streak. They both long to achieve great things, and it causes them to do dangerous things. Robert, according to Andrew McCulloch,” tells us that, for a year, he had ambitions to become a poet and, more tellingly, that his early education consisted of nothing more than reading accounts of discovery and adventure” (McCulloch not just the page #?). Victor, as well, in his early years read about the works of alchemists, and later on read about anatomy and chemistry. It is obvious that both Robert and Victor are ambitions and have somewhat unrealistic expectations about what they can achieve. As Robert wrote, “What can stop the determined heart and resolved will of man?” (Shelly 7). Robert does possess one quality that Victor does not and that is “redeeming self-knowledge” (McCulloch pg). Robert senses that he needs some guidance and should not rush into his endeavors. As Robert writes to his sister “…but I
In the article Food Waste is Becoming Serious Economic and Environmental Issue, Report Says, by Ron Nixon, food waste is described as being a serious matter and an environmental issue. This article describes that food waste is affecting the whole world and the people in it. People in poverty are struggling to have enough to eat while tons of food is being thrown away. “About 60 million metric tons of food is wasted in the United States… about 3.3 metric tons of it end up in landfills”. About a third of all the food made in the world is disposed of and never eaten. Organizations are trying to take action and stop the waste of food. The food that is abandoned is more than enough to feed all of the world’s 870 million hungry people. The food waste
Victor Frankenstein and Robert Walton are linked by maintaining a connection with family, leaving home in pursuit of knowledge, and expanding their understanding of the universe. Within the novel exists an “emphasis on social connectedness as a fundamental aspect of our being”(Gómez 366). Because of the similarities shared by these two characters, they are able to attain
I am really surprised to see that much food is being wasted by Walmart and other supermarkets. Which could be donated to Foodbanks. I think the reason food is being wasted because the customers buy food that tastes good, so they leave the food that doesn’t good like healthy food. ''Not saying that healthy food doesn’t taste good''. So the supermarkets have to throw it out because the people are not buying the food, and they put new stickers on it to extend the expiry date.