The Navajo Code Talkers
During the Pacific portion of World War II, increasingly frequent instances of broken codes plagued the United States Marine Corps. Because the Japanese had become adept code breakers, at one point a code based on a mathematical algorithm could not be considered secure for more than 24 hours. Desperate for an answer to the apparent problem, the Marines decided to implement a non-mathematical code; they turned to Philip Johnston's concept of using a coded Navajo language for transmissions.
Although this idea had been successfully implemented during World War I using the Choctaw Indian's language, history generally credits Philip Johnston for the idea to use Navajos to transmit code across enemy lines. Philip recognized that people brought up without hearing Navajo spoken had no chance at all to decipher this unwritten, strangely syntactical, and guttural language (Navajo). Fortunately, Johnston was capable of developing this idea because his missionary father had raised him on the Navajo reservation. As a child, Johnston learned the Navajo language as he grew up along side his many Navajo friends (Lagerquist 19). With this knowledge of the language, Johnston was able to expand upon the idea of Native Americans transmitting messages in their own language in order to fool enemies who were monitoring transmissions. Not only did the Code Talkers transmit messages in Navajo, but the messages were also spoken in a code that Navajos themselves could not understand (Paul 7).
This code actually proved vital to the success of the Allied efforts in World War II. Because the Code Talkers performed their duty expertly and efficiently, the Marines could count on both the ...
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As Din4 people (Navajo people) our community is known as “The home Chief Manuelito’s Wife”. Chief Manuelito was a head Dine chief during the Long Walk period in 1864. In the year of 1868 Manuelito and other leaders signed a treaty act to end the period of imprisonment. Also, during this time the Navajo reservations were established. Tohatchi was one of the many communities that were established on the Navajo reservation. The Navajo reservation spreads across New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. The Navajo Nation is known for being the largest tribe (Discovernavajo 2015). Tohatchi is located in McKinley County.
broke. When a Navajo code talker received a message, what he heard was a string of
He was also a Translator for the code and enlisted into the US 319th Engineer Regiment. After the Imperial Japanese attack on Pearl harbor, he decided to put his code talker ideas into first action. Around the time then, he started to talk with the USMC, or the United States Marine Corps and presented his idea. The USMC accepted his idea and then they started to put it into action. Johnston first started his own actions by recruiting his own 4 Navajo Shipyard workers and demonstrated the code talker idea with them. General Vogel then heard into this idea and tagged along with it, which also majorly fueled the idea of the Code talker operation. The Navajos did not understand some things such as Submarine, or Aircraft Carrier, so Johnston came up with idea of using vowel based conveying of those kinds of words. This is why Philip Johnston is important character in this book. Another interesting character would be Major Howard Connor, a minor, but important code talker of World War II. He served in the Pacific Theater as a 5th Marine Division Radio Signal Officer. He was also a decoder of the Navajo code and was probably one of the most loyal code talker of his time. He too, spoke Navajo and English to cope with the ideas and so he can interact with the English people, such as enlisting into the
After accepting Philip Johnston’s offer, Marine recruiters visited Navajo schools in Fort WIngate, Arizona and Shiprock, New Mexico to find the most educated Navajos to create an unbreakable and successful code. The Marines agreed to only take 30 Navajos, because they didn’t want to lose much money in case of a disaster. After a long search and the men were selected, the chosen Navajos were taken to a San Diego training camp in California (Aaseng 22). While living in the camps, Navajo men had to adapt to many different things such as new foods, living quarters, mechanical equipment, and competition which was never part of Navajo culture. These were all hard, temporary parts of life for the Navajo, but not as hard as adjusting to military discipline (Aaseng 27). Navajos never hurt anyone, so the physical discipline was hard, cruel, and new to them. The physical training, however, came easily to the Navajos because these men were used to being tired and walking (Aaseng 28). After training in San Diego, the Navajos were sent to a camp right outside of San Diego in a town called Pendleton to learn how to communicate messages. During their time at the Pendleton camp, Navajos studied Morse Code, the techniques of military message writing, wire laying, pole climbing, communicating procedures, and using radios (Aaseng 29). When the Navajos were finally able to start creating the written code, they were given 211 English words likely to be used to during the war. Their goal was to create a written Navajo equivalent for each word. Navajos were given strict instructions to have their code fully memorized because the U.S. needed acceleration and speed from their translators. The U.S. set up rules and requirements regarding creating the code....
The Cahuilla were a Native Southern Californian tribe that occupied the Riverside County, Higher Palomar Mountain Region and East Colorado Desert. The tribe was divided into two groups or moieties know as Wildcats or Coyotes. The Cahuilla lived in small clans that varied in population, and together all the separate clans made up a larger political group called a sib ”http://www.aguacaliente.org/content/History%20&%20Culture/.” The tribe was at first considered to be very simple and savage because they were never interacted with. As the Europeans and Spanish Missionaries considered the desert an inhospitable place that was better to avoid because of its lack of food resources. Little did those European and Spanish missionaries know that the land was ripe with food, only if you knew the land and the seasons. The Cahuilla were a very interesting tribe that cared and loved their land and in return the land would provide them with an abundance of food and resources. The Cahuilla had a very simple yet intricate life that involved a seasonal migration in order to gain access to different foods. They relied on different ways of acquiring food which involved both hunting and gathering.
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Choctaw and Comanche Indians first used their native language in 1940 during World War I. This was the first time an attempt was made to encrypt messages in the native language. Unfortunately due to the limited vocabulary in the Comanche and Choctaw language, it was difficult for these Indians to translate English terminology to their language. Words like reconnaissance, right flank, and various other military terms had no expressions in their vocabulary. Toward the end of the war substitute words were implemented in order to pass coded messages that could not be broken by the German and Japanese soldiers. After Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1942, the need for coded messages for a second time is a main concern for the military. Messages in...
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