The Hukou System

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Recommended: Push and pull factors of Chinese migration

It is estimated that there are about 250 million of migrant workers in China (Browne, 2014). They come from rural areas and go to cities to earn a living, acting as the cheap labor supplies for the country’s prosperous manufacturing industry. However, because of the Household/ Hukou System in China, most of the migrant workers’ children cannot go to cities with their parents. The Hukou system is originally designed to ensure the rural population stay with their land and provide enough agriculture products for the country’s total population. Under the Hukou system, government provide healthcare, education, and other services as welfare to people only within the town/county where their Hukou are registered. In the recent decades, the higher income in the cities attracts work forces to immigrant to urban areas, but their children can only receive free 9-year education at their hometown. Most of the parents have no choice but to leave their children at the rural areas. These children are called left-behind children(留守儿童) in China. There are more than 61 million left-behind children(under 18 years old), and the number is still growing (China Labor Bulletin, 2013).

One of the most serious problem related to left-behind children is education. According to a survey, the dropout rate for them in 9-year compulsory education is 5 percent; 70 percent of them are under the average performance; only 10 percent are among the top students; the absenteeism is higher and homework completion rate is lower than children with parents at home (Chen, 2006). There are several reasons behind the poor performance of left-behind children. First, more than half of the left-behind children are staying with their grandparents, most of whom are illiterate (Ch...

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...sorb part of the graduates from VET school and offer them job opportunities. School and firms can also sign some commitment to educate skilled-workers together. Government can help build up the partnership through subsidies for firms and economic development official involvement (i.e. in committee meeting, course design, enrollment, etc).

The second suggestion is that VET schools open to on-job training. Currently, the VET schools only open to junior high school graduates. Firms are willing to training unskilled/ low-skilled workers because of high cost and externalities. The VET schools should take active role in skill upgrade and open to those who already have a job. VET schools could design some part-time courses open for the workers. Government could also offer subsidies for the school and offer scholarship for the students to be incentives for them to engage.

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