Before the twentieth century no one knew where human life or genes came from as this information was unknown to the world. There were many scientists involved in establishing genetics. The discovery of the double helix and DNA has helped to shape the world of genetics as we know it today. The discovery of the double helix was the most important medical finding in human history because it opened the gateway to gene testing, gene mapping, and genetic engineering. James Dewey Watson was a very educated child from a young age. Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. Watson attended Horace Mann Grammar and then went on to attend South Shore High School (“James D. Watson”). From a very young age, Watson was very interested with nature and with birds (Gibbs). At the age of fifteen, he earned a scholarship to the University of Chicago. Then, in 1947 he earned a Bachelor of Science Degree in Zoology. Watson then went on to attend The Indiana University in Bloomington. He received his Ph.D. in Zoology. Watson’s graduate study was influenced by the work of H.J. Muller and T.M. Sonneborn both working in the field of genetics and S.E. Lurida a microbiologist. Watson’s Ph.D. thesis was done on the effects X-rays had on bacteriophage multiplication. While Watson was doing his thesis study, he became interested in the work that scientist were …show more content…
In 1950, Watson began his postdoctoral studies. Watson began as a Merck Fellow at the National Research Council in Copenhagen. During this time, he started investigating the structure of DNA in bacterial viruses. In 1951, Watson saw a crystalline DNA X-ray diffraction pattern for the first time. While working with X-rays and learning more diffraction techniques, Watson meet Francis Crick for the first time. Both Watson and Crick had an interest in finding the structure of DNA(“James D. Watson”). Francis Crick would be a major part in finding the structure of
These discoveries about the structure of DNA allowed scientists to explore the genome and develop a stronger understanding of genes. Within a decade of its discovery, other scientists had identified the genes responsible for specific diseases and traits. The discovery of the structure of DNA created a basis for ...
	X-ray crystallography helped determined the three dimensional structure of DNA when Franklin returned to England. She became the first person to find the molecule¡¯s sugar-phosphate backbone while working with a team of scientists at King¡¯s College in London. Unfortunately, leadership misunderstandings and personality conflicts depreciated Franklin¡¯s effectivness in the laboratory. Maurice Wilkins, the laboratory¡¯s second in command, returned from a vacation expecting Franklin to work under him. Franklin came to the laboratory with the understanding that she would be researching alone. While Franklin was direct and decisive, Wilkins tended to be alluding and passive-aggressive. As Franklin made further advances in DNA research, Wilkins secretly shared her findings with the famous duo of Watson and Crick, who were then working at Cambridge. Franklin¡¯s discoveries fueled their research machine, allowing them to advance beyond others in the field. They would eventually publish on DNA structure in 1953. Due to discriminatory procedures at King¡¯s College, Franklin eventually left to become the lead researcher at London¡¯s Birbeck College--upon agreeing not to work on DNA. She furthered her studies in coal and made significant advances in virology. Franklin died in 1958 of ovarian cancer. She lived 37 monumentally significant years.
The origins of DNA were first discovered during 1857 by Gregor Mendel the "Father of Genetics”, whom was performing an experiment of genetics with pea plants, and would provide a basic foundation towards DNA and Genetics. Friedrich Miescher and Richard Altmann in 1869 were also part of the first people to discover DNA. While testing some sperm of a salmon, they discover a strange substance that they would name as "nuclein", which is known as DNA. This new form of "nuclein" (DNA) would be found to only exist in chromosomes. Frederick Griffith, a researcher, found the basis on DNA, from a molecule inheritance experiment involving mice and two types of pneumonia. His findings were that, when virulent disease is heated up (to kill) and is injected into a mouse, the mouse survives. Unlike the second mouse that has been injected with non-virulent disease and virulent disease (that had been heated and killed) is killed. This would be caused by an inheritance of molecule (transformation) of virulent bacteria passing on a characteristic to the non-virulent. DNA findings would continue to be tested and tried to better understand how DNA works.
"The discovery of the structure by Crick and Watson, with all its biological implications, has been one of the major scientific events of this century." (Bragg, The Double Helix, p1) In the story of The Double Helix, James Watson tells of the road that led to the discovery of life's basic building block-DNA. This autobiography gives insight into science and the workings within a professional research laboratory that few members of society will ever be able to experience. It also gives the reader an idea of the reality of life for one scientist and how he struggled with the problem of DNA. However, the author's style is marked by his lack of objectivity and inclusion of many biased opinions and personal prejudices.
James D. Watson is a molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist. He is well known as one of the two men who discovered DNA. The other man who helped discover DNA is Francis Crick. Francis is a biologist, neurologist and a biophysicist.
Promulgation as a Lady in the nineteenth Century America, Sarah Payson Willis born, she was a lady who battled through her grown-up life to be free and confident in a world that made it socially and in some ways legitimately out of the question for her to do as such. Her writing profession started when she began distributing little articles that immediately picked up footing and ubiquity. Fanny Fern's life and encounters were regularly the central purposes of her articles, shaded with her political conclusions and thoughts. However, Fern wouldn't fret the reputation that accompanied her prosperity. Her prosperity was in the end diverted into her semi-autobiographical novel "Ruth Hall", which turned into the foundation for her inspiration to
One of the most infamous mass shootings that has recently taken place occurred in a town by the name of Aurora, Colorado. James Holmes, openly fired in this small-town theatre, causing a vast amount of innocent people to lose their life or sustain severe injuries. At the time, no one could conclude why this man committed such a horrific act on innocent civilians, but after an in-depth research doctors declared this man to be schizophrenic. Although his mental illness does not justify the crime James had committed, it provides insight onto why he targeted these civilians. Schizophrenia can cause a multitude of symptoms, but a primary one is social disorders.
James Watson, the co-discoverer of DNA, believes it to be the responsibility of science to address the
2). As a result, this scientific experiment changed the relationship of humankind and nature by foreseeing the modification of DNA of bacteria, yeast, plants, and animals to discover new medicines and to provide solutions for inherited diseases (Le Vine, 1999, p. 2).
Discoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, and biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years, with accelerated discoveries and insight’s over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Present at least three of the discoveries you find to be the most important and describe their significance to society, health, and the culture of modern life. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self-replicating molecule or material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent in chromosomes. It encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses.
The Double Helix tells a tale of fierce competition, perseverance, and scientific innovation as we follow James Watson and his cohort Francis Crick on their quest to discover the secret to life, the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. Although already fascinated with DNA, Watson struggled with finding chemistry exciting enough to learn it in depth. He had studied birds in college and thereby managed to avoid any formal chemistry or physics courses. As he later pursued a PhD in biochemistry, he realized he could put it off no longer and attempted to learn organic chemistry at Indiana University. However, after a mishap in the lab, he was encouraged instead to study nucleic acid chemistry with Herman Kalckar in Copenhagen. There, his mind strayed from his work and he began doing unauthorized research in the lab of Ole Maaløe, studying phages. Herman stopped teaching Watson after going through a divorce with his wife, and sent Watson off to a scientific conference in Naples. Although he was bored by many of the lectures, Maurice Wilkins’s talk about X-ray diffraction fascinated Watson. He was struck by an X-ray diffraction picture of DNA that Maurice presented and was determined to study the acid. He later got to know more about Maurice’s colleague, Rosalind Franklin, who was proud, stubborn, and very difficult to work with. Watson greatly admired the lecture given by the renowned Linus Pauling, who had discovered the structure of the alpha-helix and was thought of as the leader in DNA research in the scientific world.
They gave people a new understanding of heredity. They determined that DNA was two chains, of alternating phosphate and sugar groups, twisted around each other. Better known as double helixes, these chains were held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of organic bases which were adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The name of my constellation is Orion.
In the 1970's, scientists discovered that strands of DNA could be cut using special enzymes, which could cut out genetic combinations. DNA contains information about genes particular organisms hold. Duplicates of genes are also possible through genetic engineering and are very useful for medical purposes. Advances in technology have raised issues such as animal and human cloning. These issues have caused many different sided arguments.
...f the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 that was extremely influential for future researchers. They determined that DNA was a double helix structure composed of base pairings, with a sugar phosphate backbone. This model explained how “genes can duplicate themselves [and] would eventually lead to our current understanding of many things, from genetic disease to genetic engineering” (Salem).
221B Baker Street, is where a well-known detective resides. Sherlock Holmes, born in 1854, started his career as a private eye after college when a colleague’s father inspired him to do so. He worked alone for a number of years employing agents and using informants. Later on, he accepted a roommate Dr. Watson. Eventually, they become good friends and crime solving partners. Sherlock Holmes was not only an influential and respected detective, as well as, a good friend, but also a well-read fictional character in British literature.