Investigating the Standard Enthalpy of Potassium Nitrate Stability --------- Stable. Strong oxidizer - contact with combustible material may cause fire. Incompatible with combustible materials, and strong reducing agents. Toxicology ---------- Harmful if swallowed. May cause reproductive disorders. ------------------------------------------------------- Hazard: oxidizing ----------------- Aim The aim of this experiment is to determine the crystallisation temperature of the solution potassium nitrate at different concentrations and use information to find out the standard enthalpy of potassium nitrate. Equipment and reagents · Boiling tubes · Dark card · Bunsen burner · Thermometer · Weighing scale · Burette (50cm3) · Clamp · Stand · Potassium nitrate · Deionised water/ distilled water Safety · Wear goggles for eye protection at all times. · Laboratory coats must be worn at all times. · Wear gloves to avoid chemical contact to skin, potassium nitrate. · Long hair was tied back when Bunsen burners were used. Procedure 1. 10g of potassium nitrate were weighed out and placed into a boiling tube, and then the exact mass was noted in a result table. 2. Exactly 8.0cm3 of deionised water was added to the boiling tube containing the potassium nitrate. This was done by using a burette. 3. The tube was then heated gently until the crystals were dissolved and then the heat source was removed. 4. The tubes were allowed to cool for safety reasons. The temperature at which the crystals were first appeared was noted. A dark card was used for this purpose. The results were recorded. 5. A further 25cm3 of distilled water was added and steps 3-4 were repeated. 6. A further 25cm3 of distilled water was added and steps 3-4 were
The theoretical weight was 599.6 mg. This yields a percent yield of 3.7%. Table 1 also illustrates the experimental melting point of 99.3-102.1◦C. A melting point that has a range larger than 3◦C is indicative of impurities in the sample. A few possibilities of impurities could have been unreacted norbornene, and water. Evidence that supports that there was unreacted norbornene in the final sample was the fact that the product was a jelly-like structure. Norbornene by itself has a jelly-like structure. However, once norbornene reacted with the acid-catalyst (H2O2), then it should have changed the chemical structure of the molecule and once the solution was brought back down to room temperature, crystals should have formed. Since a jelly-like, or oil-like product was present at the end of the reaction, then this is indicative that there was unreacted norbornene in the sample. The second impurity that may have been present in the final product was water. Instead of adding 3 mL of sodium bicarbonate and then 3 mL of brine, 3 mL of brine was added first and then 3 mL of sodium bicarbonate was added. This experimental error caused excess aqueous solution to be added to the diethyl ether. Since excess water was added to the final product, about 4x the amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate was needed in order to remove the water from the product. This was another indication that there was too much water in
Nano-thermal analysis methods are also known as micro-thermal procedures and they use the principle of characterizing highly localized materials on a micrometer. The characterization is then changed from a micrometer scale to a sub-micrometer scale with the temperature being regulated to the specified units. The application of nano-thermal analysis methods started towards the end of the 20th century. Although it has been applied in several other fields including microelectronics, its application in pharmaceuticals has not been that popular.
7.The covered crucible was placed over the flame of the Bunsen Burner using a ring stand.
The reaction between the sugar in the gummy bear and the melted potassium chlorate in this experiment is an example of an exothermic reaction. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy as heat or light. When potassium chlorate is melted, it produces potassium chloride and oxygen. When the sugar and oxygen react, energy accumulated in the chemical bonds of the sugar molecules is released. This is a combustion reaction, an exothermic process in which a substance reacts specifically with oxygen to produce heat, water, and carbon dioxide. During the process of combusting the sugar in the gummy bear with oxygen, the products formed are heat, a purple flame (light), carbon dioxide, and water.
In this report, we will be analyzing the current performance of Kingsford in the marketplace and identify the main cause of revenue deterioration. Thereafter, a comprehensive strategy and marketing plan will be presented.
9. When all magnesium has reacted, remove the lid and heat strongly for 5 minutes
From King Midas’ greed to the treasure of the Incas, gold is easily the most widely treasured metal known throughout history. Nearly every culture or group has placed heavy inherent value on it and includes it in their lore. Even the name for gold was graciously thought out and applied. It is derived from the word “geolo”, the Old English word for “yellow”. The periodic symbol for gold, Au, is from the Latin word aurum, “glowing dawn” . Its uses are both, immeasurable and prehistoric. However, its use in the electrodeposition process, the main discussion in this paper, has only been dated back to roughly 1850. Unlike gold, potassium was only acknowledged as an element in the early 1800’s. Potassium Cyanide has a grim history of murder and suicide. Most research on the compound is devoted to the effects it has on humans. Potassium Cyanide, in the industrial sense, is used as a reducing agent, in chemical analysis, metallurgy, and in the process of gold extraction. Uses of Potassium Cyanide also extend into pharmacy and photography .
If heat is applied to Copper (Ⅱ) sulfate pentahydrate, then the experimental form will be equivalent to the theoretical formula. Important key data that will be needed to achieve the goal of the lab experiments includes the initial mass of hydrated crystal, the final mass of anhydrous crystal, the
The ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate tests are used to determine if the fish’s environment is safe to live in or if the water is too toxic. Ammonia and nitrite are very toxic while nitrate is mostly harmless. To eliminate these chemicals, adding more bacterial supplement will cause the cycle to continue at a faster rate. These tests also show how the nitrogen cycle is progressing in the tank. As the cycle progresses, ammonia will decrease while nitrite increases. Then nitrite decreases and nitrate increases. Then nitrate decreases and your tank should be balanced.
Therefore there is a greater chance of a collision between KNO3 and water molecules resulting in a successful reaction. Hypothesis My hypothesis is that the temperature of the water affects the solubility of Potassium Nitrate. As I have already addressed this, as you increase the temperature, you also increase the kinetic energy of each particle; thus increasing the chance of a successful reaction. This means more potassium nitrate will be broken down and dissolved in the water as the temperature increases.
Do the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few? This is an interesting topic that I found was extremely difficult to answer. I was so bewildered as I saw my classmates answer the question so easily when I was unable to decide. To be able to answer this topic I thought about how there are catastrophes all over the world and how brave people such as firefighters and police officers as well as everyday citizens sacrifice themselves for others and I was able to decide. Therefore, in my opinion, they do because the expense of a few is less than the expense of many. I have seen people in the world that are selfless enough to sacrifice their life in order to protect ours and if anyone hasn’t then they can turn on the news on any given day and see that someone has risked their life to help someone else. There have also been so many strong examples of this in history where people have made the ultimate sacrifice to allow others to be here today.
In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved.
The experiment used Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), a purple substance; Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), a yellow substance; and Methylene Blue, a blue substance. These substances have molecular weights, 158 g/mole, 294 g/mole and 374 g/mole. A petri dish containing agar-water gel with three wells was obtained as shown in Figure 1. Each well was labelled as potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate and methylene blue. One drop of every prepared substance was carefully placed into its respective wells in the agar-water gel using a dropper. The petri dish was immediately covered to avoid the possible effects of other foreign factors. The substances, each having specific colors, spread in the agar-water gel as shown in
dangerous for the body, and can many times lead to being very ill or death.
Thermoregulation mechanisms are essential as uncontrolled body temperature is physiologically detrimental (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2014, p 990). For example, if body temperature increases above 40°C, it can cause disorientation and above 42°C can cause convulsions, permanent cell damage, breakdown of cellular proteins and eventually death (Campbell, 2011; Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2014, p 990).