What happens outside the healthy range
Thermoregulation mechanisms are essential as uncontrolled body temperature is physiologically detrimental (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2014, p 990). For example, if body temperature increases above 40°C, it can cause disorientation and above 42°C can cause convulsions, permanent cell damage, breakdown of cellular proteins and eventually death (Campbell, 2011; Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2014, p 990).
Hyperthermia is a range of progressively more severe conditions and occurs when the body experiences overwhelming heat stress which cannot be controlled via thermoregulation mechanisms (Sergel & Singer, 2015, p572). Hyperthermia begins with heat fatigue, which occurs when body temperature exceeds 38°C
…show more content…
Hypothermia occurs when body temperature drops below 35°C and causes slower cellular function thus lowering energy expenditure (Moskoff, 2015, p594). Hypothermia also progresses through stages, mild hypothermia results in shivering, vasoconstriction, cold diuresis, impaired judgement and generally diminished physiological function (Moskoff, 2015, p594). Moderate hypothermia is established below 32°C where consciousness is lost, pupil dilate and shivering ceases (Campbell, 2011; Moskoff, 2015, p594). If core body temperature drops to 28°C severe hypothermia ensues causing apnoea and the onset of a coma, if the temperature persists the individual will die due to ventricular fibrillation which ceases blood flow (Campbell, 2011; Moskoff, 2015, …show more content…
However, babies have an adaptation which compensates for this, they have a unique adipose tissue in their upper torso which produces non-shivering thermogenesis (Campbell, 2011; Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2014, p 993). The tissue is highly vascularised and contains ‘uncoupled’ mitochondria which produce heat rather than ATP (Campbell, 2011). As adipose tissue is a good insulator of heat, the heat produced by the mitochondria is ‘trapped’ keeping the infant warm (Campbell,
The respiratory system is responsible in regulating gas exchange between the body and the external environment. Differences in respiration rate indirectly influence basal metabolic rate (BMR) by providing the necessary components for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation (Williams et al., 2011). Observation of gas exchange were measured and recorded for two mice (mus musculus) weighing 25 g and 27 g under the conditions of room temperature, cold temperature (8°C), and room temperature after fasting using a volumeter. The rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured and used to calculate BMR, respiratory quotient (RQ) and oxidation rate. The mouse at room temperature was calculated to have a BMR of 2361.6 mm3/g/hr. Under conditions of cold temperature and fasting, the BMR values decreased to 2246.4 mm3/g/hr and 2053.2 mm3/g/hr respectively. Rates of glucose oxidation increased under these treatments while rates of fat oxidation decreased. Respiratory quotient (RQ) values were calculated to determine the fuel source for metabolic activity. On a relative scale, protein or fat appeared to be the primary fuel source for all three treatments although the mouse at 8°C had the highest RQ and may have relatively used the most glucose. It was also concluded that BMR in mice are greater than in humans.
The normal core temperature in adults ranges between 36.5°C and 37.5°C and hypothermia can be defined as core body temperature less than 36°C.(ref 1)
Hypothyroidism develops when the thyroid gland does not produce enough of certain hormones. (“Hypothyroidism”, n.d.). Hypothyroidism can be broken down even further. The two types of hypothyroidism are congenital hypothyroidism or acquired hypothyroidism. According to Porth 2011, “Congenital hypothyroidism develops prenatally and is present at birth. Acquired hypothyroidism develops later in life because of primary disease of the thyroid gland or secondary to disorders of hypothalamic or pituitary origin.” (p. 786). Some common symptoms include increased sensitivity to cold, dry skin, fatigue, constipation, drowsiness, hypothermia and muscle weakness (“Hypothyroidism”, n.d.).
Hypovolemic shock specifically disrupts the cardiovascular system from a significant loss of blood volume that causes blood pressure to deplete and oxygen delivery to cells to slow. A victim entering into hypovolemic shock will experience three sequential stages as the body attempts to maintain homeostasis. These stages are named compensated, decompensated, and irreversible (Wang
Animal metabolism consists of the utilization of nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract and their catabolism as fuel for energy or their conversion into substances of the body. Metabolism is a continuous process because the molecules and even most cells of the body have brief lifetimes and are constantly replaced, while tissue as a whole maintains its characteristic structure. This constant rebuilding process without a net change in the amount of a cell constituent is known as dynamic equilibrium (Grolier1996). In the combustion of food, oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is given off. The rate of oxygen consumption indicates the energy expenditure of an organism, or its metabolic rate (Grolier1996).
Maintaining normal core body temperature (normothermia) in patients within perioperative environments is both a challenging and important aspect to ensure patient safety, comfort and positive surgical outcomes (Tanner, 2011; Wu, 2013; Lynch, Dixon & Leary, 2010). Normorthermia is defined as temperatures from 36C to 38C, and is maintained through thermoregulation which is the balance between heat loss and heat gain (Paulikas, 2008). When normothermia is not maintained within the perioperative environments, and the patient’s core body temperature drops below 36C, they are at risk of developing various adverse consequences due to perioperative hypothermia (Wagner, 2010). Perioperative hypothermia is classified into three
There is a variety of homeostatic procedures that the internal environment maintains within an acceptable limit. Without the control of the homeostatic system the body suffers various issues. These issues like cellular failure can
The Arctic conditions are extreme; they consist of sub-zero temperatures, heavy snow, strong winds and ice. To survive these conditions animals must keep a constant body temperature to maintain the optimum temperature for essential chemical reactions to take place. If a living cell cools to a temperature below 0°C then ice crystals can form which will puncture the cell membrane causing the cell to burst. If a living cell reaches temperatures above 45°C then the proteins (including enzymes) are denatured; therefore no longer work. This means that the thermal limits for life are 0-45°C. Animals must regulate their body temperatures' between these bounds to survive. Mammals and birds stay closer to the upper bound.
The body tissues are the workers. It is their job to keep the body functioning correctly. When there is a need for more energy the workers send a signal to the administrators (and who is the administrator? The pituitary) to let the thyro...
Dehydration can happen at any age and from a variety of primary causes including diarrhea, vomiting, use of diuretics, exercise, and exposure to extreme heat. The body has compensatory mechanisms to balance mild dehydration or fluid deficit of 2-4%; however, moderate fluid deficit of 5-8% can lead to electrolyte imbalances, postural hypotension, and dryness in skin and mucous membranes (Porth, 2011). In severe dehydration, or fluid deficits greater than 8% severe hypotension and shock can occur (Porth, 2011). The circulatory system has its own compensatory mechanisms for fluid volume deficits. These include changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure.
There has been great debate and controversy in trying to determine the appropriate methods in attaining an accurate temperature in pediatric patients. In light of new technological advances to find innovative ways to attain exact temperatures in this population, there are hospitals and affiliated medical centers that still assess pediatric temperature through traditional means, which is rectal thermometer. Even more disturbing is the continued use of glass mercury-filled thermometers in the health care setting. These add additional risks of metal toxicity from the leakage of mercury and possible rectal perforation (Chiappini, Sollai, Longhi, Morandini, Laghi, Osio, Persiani, Lonati, Picchi, Bonsignori, Mannelli, Galli, & de Martino, 2010; Teran, Torrez-Llanos, Teran-Miranda, Balderrama, Shah, & Villarroel, 2011). Other means of assessing core temperature in terms of accuracy include obtaining a temperature through the pulmonary artery, tympanic membrane, esophagus, and urinary bladder (Braun, 2006). All of these are quite invasive techniques and are not well tolerated amongst the pediatric population. However, the most accurate noninvasive method can be quite confusing amongst the medical professional in the provisions of care and assessment.
Dehydration is not just something that stays for a few hours and then goes away. Without the proper amounts of liquid in your body, you can’t function properly. If dehydration is ignored and is prolonged for awhile, it can have significant effects on your body. Severe dehydration that has lasted for a long time can have symptoms that include: not having to pee or having dark yellow pee, flaky, dry skin, dizziness, rapid heartbeat and breathing, sunken in eyes, fatigue, confusion, easily irritated, lack of energy, and fainting or blackouts. In very serious cases, severe dehydration can be
Thermal regulation, also known as thermoregulation, is the means by which an organism maintains its body temperature at a stable level in various climate conditions. There are several mechanisms by which an organism will regulate body temperature and furthermore, these mechanisms vary within taxonomic classes. Thermoregulatory mechanisms are as follows: endothermy, ectothermy, heterothermy, homeothermy and poikilothermy. In simpler terms, most people refer to animals as cold-blooded or warm-blooded, but this statement is inaccurate, as the blood of all of these animals are relatively the same temperature, it is the means by which the animal maintains its body temperature that is the difference.
Endocrine system: He doesn’t have any intolerance towards hot and cold. He doesn’t have any excessive thirst.
The patient has high temperature, and extreme sweating as well as visible chills on body.