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Max webers theory essay
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Instrumental rational action is a form of rationality that is linked with Max Weber and deals with efficiency. With the focus put on the end result rather than the means of getting there, instrumental rational action uses time-saving along with cost-effective methods to achieve the desired goal. This is done regardless of the penalties that may result from the method. A good example of instrumental rational action—though rather disturbing—is factory farms. The goal of these farms is to have as many animals as they can so there will be more production and profit off them. These animals are subjected to immense pain and suffering and have a very low quality of life and other factors also contribute to health and pollution issues. The focus is
put on the cash value at the end and utilizes the most efficient means to get there, putting little thought to the consequences of the actions that are being done.
The rational decision theory is a method for thoroughly selecting among possible choices that are built on reasoning and facts. With a decision, making process one may employ a series of logical steps to overview relevant facts, observations, and potential outcomes before choosing a specific course of action.
Utilitarianism tells us society should be ran on impartiality. Also, that in society justice cannot foreclose the sacrificing the innocent for the good of humanity. I believe in the film Gattaca the happiness or in other the words utility of utilitarianism, of the lives of those deemed invalid was sacrificed. Utilitarianism is also the basic idea that one person’s consciousness is as worthy of consideration as any others. The film Gattaca is about a world where your life is pre-determined by your D.N.A. I will further discuss how the main theme of the film Gattaca, genetic engineering’s role in society, is the root cause of natural fallacy within the new world Gattaca exhibits and does not cure the imperfect world. Then to conclude I will explain how for these same reasons genetic engineering’s use of utilitarian views is a contradiction of utilitarianism.
The Rational Choice perspective is a theory that the choices individuals make are done in a logical manner were they weigh the benefits against the cost that could possible result. In other words, the self-interest should receive the maximum reward while the penalties would be minimum to none.
The main idea of this perspective is that people make goal-directed decisions based on their rational thinking. (Hutchison, 2015) In this case study, rational choice perspective is used by Laura, Danny, and Kid. Each member provides a strong example of rational choice based on their own self-interest.
The heuristics and biases research towards human rationality expresses that humans are not rational because completely arbitrary factors influence an individual’s reasoning. Humans are unable to avoid a significant flaw in the rationality system which is known as invisible contamination. This exists as a problem because arbitrary or irrational factors influence human reasoning without the possibility of
Dowding, K. (2011). Rational choice theory. In M. Bevir (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Governance (pp. 36-40). Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=dU8BNNYnZesC&printsec=frontcover
The ethical theory of utilitarianism has one basis, one must chose the action that will contribute to the greatest good; the greatest good for the greatest number. In any instance one may ask, which action will make the most people happy and how long? As a method
The view that some forms of irrationality may serve a useful purpose is being increasingly entertained, despite the disquiet it elicits. The reason for the disquiet isn't difficult to discern, for if the view were made good it might threaten the unqualified normative primacy that rationality enjoys in the evaluation of thoughts, beliefs, intentions, decisions and actions. In terms of the predominant "rational explanation" model, reasons both generate and justify actions, and carrying out the dictates of reason is held up as an ideal. If it can be shown that under some circumstances or for certain types of action irrational elements or procedures would produce "all things considered" better results, this would put these deliberative "ideals" in question.
The aim of utilitarianism in general is optimal happiness, which is the only intrinsic good according to Mill. More specifically, act and rule utilitarianism differ in the manner in which they asses what will yield the greatest amount of happiness. Often, one of the objections to utilitarianism is that it is overly demanding. However, this objection that the utilitarian view is too demanding is fitting for both forms of utilitarianism, according to the Fundamentals of Ethics. In the following, I will address why utilitarianism is habitually seen as overly demanding, and I will provide a defense of utilitarianism contrary to these objections.
Affirmative action is a plan to offset past discrimination in employing and educating women, blacks, and other minorities. It is the government's way of apologizing to ethnic groups for the injustices they have suffered. Affirmative action is supposed to preserve liberty and to improve race relations, but it is actually worsening them. It is not helping poor blacks; it is primarily helping well-to-do blacks. More effective programs should be implemented to take the place of affirmative action.
Liang did in fact act accordingly to a point of view which gives the most happiness to society. He and his peers devised a plan in which masked the inherent flaws of the diesel motor implementation of Volkswagen. For the greater good of the mechanized world it can be argued that this decision was a clear solution; regardless of the ties of the company. The writer’s perspective is that many like to argue about human progress and ecological damage, but no one wants to give up progress for the greater good. In any case, Rule-Utilitarianism is somewhat objective. This means that perhaps Mr. Liang acted according to his own rule concept of rule, which perhaps was implied upon him by superiors, and perhaps was not. This may imply that as a 30 year veteran of the field he succumbed to error on the side of supererogatory objectives. Nonetheless, it is clear that Rule-Utilitarianism leans in the direction that perhaps Mr. Liang did what was required of him. To the reader it should be clear that Mr. Liang’s approach to the problem was indeed a means to the end and not a means in and of itself. This of course violates Kant’s concept of dignity and autonomy. Yet from the Rule-Utilitarian point of view perhaps he responded as he should for the greater good of the industrial
According to Weber, rationalization is a heritage of the Protestant ethic. This mindset means that the concern for salvation is articulated in everyday life in Protestant societies in the form of the rational pursuit of economic gains. However, this evolved into something that did not work well with traditional notions of salvation, so it became more secular in its nature. This meant that in modern day terms, rationalization is the imposition of more nuanced or vaunted emotions, traditions, behaviors and so on with rational ones. For example, someone who foregoes an art degree even if they are an artistic genius so they can major in accounting is engaging in rationalization.
...t acting with rationality rather than on impulse or with excessive contemplation results in the superior end.
"ECONOMICS AND ETHICS IN THE GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ANIMALS." harvard.edu/. n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2014.
Utilitarianism places high emphasis on the consequences and outcomes of one’s action. It is premised on the general principle that an action is right and ought to be performed insofar as it leads to overall happiness or benefits, as opposed to pains or costs (Chan & Shenoy, 2010). However, many businesses have a sole objective of maximizing its profits and shareholder value. While focusing on the interest of its internal stakeholders, the interest of its external stakeholders is often neglected.