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What is the difference between optimism and pessimism
Compare and contrast optimism and pessimism
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The epistemic threat of human rationality emphasizes the existence of the shoddy software hypothesis, yet the optimistic look on humanity about situational rationality exists to counter it. However, I will argue that despite the optimistic view humans are not rational due to the conditions that are deemed necessary for human rationality.] The heuristics and biases research towards human rationality expresses that humans are not rational because completely arbitrary factors influence an individual’s reasoning. Humans are unable to avoid a significant flaw in the rationality system which is known as invisible contamination. This exists as a problem because arbitrary or irrational factors influence human reasoning without the possibility of …show more content…
Since such arbitrary factors influence and individual’s reasoning it should not be thought that the human judgement is not trustworthy. Therefore, a human’s rationality lies within the trustworthiness of the judgement and since it cannot be trusted humans are irrational. While the thought that humans ought to be able to recognize this shortcoming exists, it does not matter because the individual functions on a dysfunctional system. This idea is known as the shoddy software hypothesis, which focuses on the idea that the average mind works with certain heuristics, but not with others. The mind functions in a certain way to produce rational decisions, however it is extremely limited with this hypothesis. This is because the mind can only function rationally in certain conditions rather than all conditions showing that humans are fallible and irrational. Humans make errors systematically and repeatedly because of the shoddy software. This shoddy software is like working on a broken computer, a functioning computer can take one form of input and produce the right answer, however as the …show more content…
We should not think that human beings are rational. As given in the pessimistic view, humans make decisions based on completely arbitrary concepts that do not matter and further more they may not be aware of, and in no circumstance could that be considered rational. This is because one ought not to be persuaded by irrelevant ideas or concepts. With Gigerenzer and Todd’s research the idea that humans are functional under circumstances should be considered void. Human rationality does not exist as something that one can turn on and off. If humans are rational, we should be able to function rationally under all circumstances, not just those that are more familiar to us. Given Gigerenzer and Todd’s argument that humans can function under certain light does not claim that humans are rational under all circumstances only emphasizes that humans are not rational. Furthermore, in the sense that we are not able to consider rational in the first experience of it we, humans, should be able to learn and fix what we were unable to do before, to prove our rationality. However, shown by the wason selection task, despite taking the test multiple times many people still do not improve on their answer. We have the ability to recognize the task, but not the capacity to adapt, therefore humans should not be considered rational. Humans must be rational under all circumstances to
I think what Annas means by the ‘computer manual’ model is that we are responsible for our own decisions. Something that I am confident about is that we are
Probably one of the biggest economic debates is rationality. Whether a decision is rational or irrational. If I were to make a rational decision, it would most benefit me over all of the other choices I could have chosen from. This is how Professor Henry Spearman solves the case of the murder. All of the suspects are proven guilty or innocent based off of the decisions they make. If it is a rational decision, then the suspect is thought of as innocent. If it is an irrational decision, then the suspect is thought of as
Rules and catalysts have become ubiquitous, diminishing or even eradicating opportunities for the exercise of discretion, which is fundamental to the advancement of good judgment as well as personal satisfaction. Modern philosophy and culture has shifted away from phronesis, practical judgment, in favor of techne, technical rationality. The fundamental threat that technology imposes on us is linked to our inability to think and act “outside the box.” David Tabachnick, a professor in the department of Political Science, Philosophy and Economics at Nipissing University, attempts to find and enforce limits on technology in his book, The Great Reversal, by exploring “the possibility of the return of good judgment to limit the role of technology
Humans are becoming more technologically-efficient every day. New inventions and innovations are constantly being made. The Internet is becoming more “reliable” every day. However, how much do we really get from the constant advancement of Internet use and smarter technology? Should we look at their contributions to the world as a benefactor or a curse? The common effect of “artificial intelligence” in the technology we use every day is examined by two brilliant authors, Nicholas Carr and Jamias Cascio. In Carr’s article, “Is Google Making Us Stupid”, he explains the effects of the Internet and technology in our society and claims that the overuse of technology is dangerous and can affect how our mind operates. Jamias Cascio, on the other hand, uses his article “Get Smarter” to show the positive effects of technology in our constantly adaptive society claims that technology may just be making our society smarter and more efficient. While Carr and Cascio both use the claim of cause in their articles to provide valid points on how technology affects our society, Carr’s article proves to be more effective because it focuses on skeptical-based evidence and uses a variety of appeals and proofs.
Rational choice theorist says that social emotions such as guilt, shame, and anxiety are feelings or thoughts that prevent us from doing things and giving in to our temptations. These social cues helps us to place boundaries on what is right and what is wrong and what the outcome of negative delinquent behaviors may be. Not everyone has the same idea of what behavior is rational versus
Rational choice theory, developed by Ronald Clarke and Derek Cornish in 1985, is a revival of Cesare Becca...
However, Carr and Turkle both agree that technology has done good, but it has come at the cost of our ability to think critically. In the two articles, both authors heavily emphasize the negative effects of computer technology on how it is diminishing human cognition and the ability to process information.
Rather we often rely on system one to make choices and ergo we make mistakes. Additionally there is an informational asymmetry, where we have less knowledge than others. Because of this lack of information we can not always make the best choice. We can also be influenced to make negative choices, without thinking them through. For example, consider a high school party. At this party everyone is doing drugs and drinking alcohol. If they were truly logical beings, they would have realized these things are bad for their future. Yet because of the pressure to do these things, and all the influences we see on the media they are all
The second example of when this case study involves the rational choice perspective is when Danny lied to Laura about having the job at GM. Danny used his rational thinking that if he told Laura he had a good job, that she would stay with Danny. Danny was desperate at this point and attempted to make Laura and the children stay. In his mind, he had to lie in order to gain his reward. He believed that the benefit of him saying he had a job would make his marriage
It is my belief and personal opinion, that even when making choices irrationally, our actions can, to some degree, be rationalized.
The Repressive hypothesis states how we currently live in a sexual repressed society. The repressive hypothesis also states that sexuality needs to be liberated, or that it does not have to be repressed. Identifying with ones sexuality is the key to unlocking ones identity and one’s happiness. The repressive hypothesis initially implies three edicts; that derive from our repressed society. According to the repressive hypothesis, specifically in the repressive culture we live in, the first edict explains how all sexuality must be silenced in all occasions, for the mention of sexuality is taboo. In modern times, specifically within the 17th century, it was also important to keep sexuality “hush-hush”, only those who belong to the lower class
New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio’s video announcement that city schools were starting a new program that will bring computer science education to all students is late. America is dragging where it should be exceling. Less than 10 percent of the city’s schools offer computer science education and only one percent receive that education. New Yorkers should still applaud their mayor for taking on this monumental task that states should have addressed years before this announcement because New York City isn’t alone in this failure, only one in four U.S. middle and high school principals report offering any computer science education in their schools.
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance which represents the ultimate review of the specification design and coding. It includes verification of the basic logic of every program and the entire system works properly. Testing individual program involves and attempts to be sure that most likely part properly. Programmer facilities testing by coding as clearly as possible. Test case design is done a set of techniques for the creation of cases that meet overall testing objectives.
“I feel there are two people inside me – me and my intuition. If I go against her, she'll screw me every time, and if I follow her, we get along quite nicely” (Kim Basinger). Many of us have often found ourselves thinking like Kim Basinger, our intuition play a fundamental role in decision-making and mostly, whenever we find ourselves analyzing human behaviour; to include ourselves and others. However, is it accurate to say that using our intuition about everyday behaviour is sufficient for a complete understanding of the causes of behaviour? Certainly not! Understanding the implications of behaviour exceed mere ‘gut feeling’, as it is distorted by our perceptions, cognitions and experiences.
Since the beginning of time, humans have thought and made many inventions. Repeatedly the newer one is better than the older. Our minds have created many remarkable things, however the best invention we ever created is the computer. computers are constantly growing and becoming better every day. Every day computers are capable of doing new things. Even though computers have helped us a lot in our daily lives, many jobs have been lost because of it, now the computer can do all of the things a man can do in seconds! Everything in the world relies on computers and if a universal threat happens in which all computers just malfunction then we are doomed. Computers need to be programmed to be able to work or else it would just be a useless chunk of metal. And we humans need tools to be able to live; we program the computer and it could do a lot of necessary functions that have to be done. It is like a mutual effect between us and he computer (s01821169 1).