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Essays on volkswagen scandal and ethics
Ethical problems with volkswagen
Ethical problems with volkswagen
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This paper will illustrate the moral, social, and factual implications of the Volkswagen scandal regarding the case dealing with emission standards of the diesel Volkswagen vehicles. The reader should note that this analysis will be given from two different philosophical points of view. Namely from the Kantian and Rule-Utilitarian perspective. The paper will attempt to demonstrate the moral implications of the case at hand, and how this applies to Mr. James Liang’s actions. As the reader may know Mr. James Liang worked for the Volkswagen Company for more than 30 years. He and his colleagues worked on creating a low emission diesel engine. In the course of this project, it became apparent that the emission goal could not be achieved with respect …show more content…
This maxim must be able to project to all other rational beings, and as such should become a universal law. Kantian law requires that whatever the case, one must act in accordance to the end goal, and not treat others as a means to an end. According to this principle, being a rational being implies will, and will is the substance of moral objectiveness. This moral objectiveness requires the ability to define a maxim. Simply put, a maxim is a predefined criteria to decide the moral basis of a given moral dilemma, which in its essence must not be hypothetical, and can be generalized. As such, one must decide if this maxim can be rationalized, and then, perhaps generalized, according to the categorical …show more content…
Liang did in fact act accordingly to a point of view which gives the most happiness to society. He and his peers devised a plan in which masked the inherent flaws of the diesel motor implementation of Volkswagen. For the greater good of the mechanized world it can be argued that this decision was a clear solution; regardless of the ties of the company. The writer’s perspective is that many like to argue about human progress and ecological damage, but no one wants to give up progress for the greater good. In any case, Rule-Utilitarianism is somewhat objective. This means that perhaps Mr. Liang acted according to his own rule concept of rule, which perhaps was implied upon him by superiors, and perhaps was not. This may imply that as a 30 year veteran of the field he succumbed to error on the side of supererogatory objectives. Nonetheless, it is clear that Rule-Utilitarianism leans in the direction that perhaps Mr. Liang did what was required of him. To the reader it should be clear that Mr. Liang’s approach to the problem was indeed a means to the end and not a means in and of itself. This of course violates Kant’s concept of dignity and autonomy. Yet from the Rule-Utilitarian point of view perhaps he responded as he should for the greater good of the industrial
These two examples can demonstrate how each person can use the two formulations of the Categorical Imperative to decide whether a maxim is moral or not. Throughout Kant’s, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, some questionable ideas are portrayed. These ideas conflict with the present views of most people living today. Works Cited Kant, Immanuel.
Kant argued that the Categorical Imperative (CI) was the test for morally permissible actions. The CI states: I must act in such a way that I can will that my maxim should become a universal law. Maxims which fail to pass the CI do so because they lead to a contradiction or impossibility. Kant believes this imperative stems from the rationality of the will itself, and thus it is necessary regardless of the particular ends of an individual; the CI is an innate constituent of being a rational individual. As a result, failure ...
Kant starts by explaining the three divisions of philosophy which are: physics, ethics, and logic. He clarifies that physics and ethics are a posteriori while logic is, a priori, but there is a third variable that interacts both which is also the foundation of morals. This is the categorical imperative or also known as the synthetic a priori. The categorical imperative or the moral law is the reason of individuals’ actions. Kant goes on to say “I should never except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law” (Immanuel Kant, Page14 (line 407-408)). This indicates that an individual should not do anything that is not their own laws or rules that cannot become universal to all individuals. Throughout the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant defines what categorical imperative is, but also its four distinct articulations.
Classical utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory which holds that an action can only be considered as morally right where its consequences bring about the greatest amount of good to the greatest number (where 'good' is equal to pleasure minus pain). Likewise, an action is morally wrong where it fails to maximise good. Since it was first articulated in the late 19th Century by the likes of Jeremy Bentham and later John Stewart Mill, the classical approach to utilitarianism has since become the basis for many other consequentialist theories such as rule-utilitarianism and act-utilitarianism upon which this essay will focus (Driver, 2009). Though birthed from the same utilitarian principle of maximising good, rule-utilitarianism and act-utilitarianism provide two very different accounts on how the maximising of good should be approached. This essay will compare these two approaches and try to ascertain whether rule-utilitarianism is indeed preferable to act-utilitarianism.
BMW having high market share in European and U.S luxury car markets, started facing issues with launch product qualities and also facing a fierce competition from Japanese producers. Currently the market share was still stable but the rigorous growth of Japanese producers would affect BMW in future. These Japanese competitors had set higher standards of conformance.
In this essay I will use ethical framework such as Kantian deontology and Kantian ethical theory along with key principles to argue the reason for my decision whilst justifying my decision.
When we consider the case of the Ford Pinto, and its relative controversy, through the varied scope of ethical viewpoints, the results might surprise us. From a personal standpoint, as a consumer, the idea of selling a vehicle to the masses with such a potentially devastating flaw is completely unethical. When we consider the case from other directions and other ethical viewpoints, however, it makes it clear that often ethics are a matter of perspective and philosophy. It’s also clear that there are cases where more information will muddy the waters, rather than clear them.
Immanuel Kant's deonotological ethical theory assesses if actions are moral based on the person's will or intention of acting. Kant's theory can be categorized as a deonotological because "actions are not assessed to be morally permissible on the basis of consequences they produce, but rather on the form of the agent's will in acting," (Dodds, Lecture 7) therefore his actions are based on duty and not consequential. Kantianism is based on three principles: maxims, willing, and the categorical imperative. Kant states that a maxim is a "general rule or principle which will explain what a person takes himself to be doing and the circumstances in which he takes himself to be doing it" (Feldman, 1999, 201). It is important that this principle be universalisable and that the maxim can be applied consistently to everyone that encounters similar situations, therefore willed as a universal law. The second aspect of Kant's theory is willing. This involves the agent consistently committing oneself to make an action occur. He states that, "In general, we can say that a person wills inconsistently if he wills that p be the case and he wills that q be the case and its impossible for p and q to be the case together" (Feldman, 1999, 203). T...
Volkswagen is facing sever environmental and climatic issues since its co2 emission scandal came into picture. The company using ‘defeat software’ to cheat the norms of emission was one thing that has led to many reparation losses as well as devaluation of the stocks of VW. Therefore the company now wants a sustainable climatic policy in line with EPA so that such kind of challenges are not faced in future.
The first formulation of the categorical imperative is “act only in a way the maxim of which can be consistently willed as a universal law of nature.” This formulation in principle has as its supreme law, “always act according to that maxim whose universality as a law you can at the same time will” and is the only condition under which a will can ever come into conflict with itself. The “universalizability test” is one meaning of the first formulation. This test has five steps which are, first formulate a maxim that holds sacred your reason for acting as you propose. Second, recast that maxim as a universal law of nature governing all rational agents. And third, think whether your maxim is even conceivable in a world governed by the law of nature. The fourth test is to ask yourself whether in this world you could, rationally will to act on your maxim. With five if you could then, your action is morally permissible. An example of the first formulation of the categorical imperative would be lying. “I will lie for personal benefit.” So lying is the action and the motivation is to get what you desire and together they form the maxim.
A maxim is the generalized rule that characterizes the motives for a person’s actions. For Kant, a will that is good is one that is acting by the maxim of doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do. The moral worth of an action is determined by whether or not it was acted upon out of respect for the moral law, or the Categorical Imperative. Imperatives in general imply something we ought to do, however there is a distinction between categorical imperatives and hypothetical imperatives. Hypothetical imperatives are obligatory so long as we desire X.
In 2014, researchers from West Virginia found out that recent models of Volkswagen vehicles were emitting up to 40 times the allowed levels of nitrogen oxides (2). These vehicles had a special software that would determine when the vehicle was in laboratory testing conditions, and the software would then alter the vehicle 's functionality to emit the legal amount of nitrogen oxides allowed by the EPA. The software was found in around half a million vehicles in the United States. In addition to the bad publicity, the Volkswagen scandal will cost the company at least $15.3 billion dollars in compensation to the owners of the affected vehicles (3). In 2016, Volkswagen engineer James Liang pleaded guilty for being a crucial part in developing the illegal software (3). The software was created because Volkswagen was unable to meet the rigorous EPA emission standards. Therefore, a small team of engineers including James Liang decided to cheat the emission exams to allow Volkswagen vehicles to be sold in the U.S.
Toyota issues in automotive industry resulted from a lack of moral and ethical obligations to loyal customers. In fact, people encounter ethics at one time or another. A business expectation is to act in manner upholding society values. According to authors Trevino and Nelson, (2004) states, “a set of moral principals or values, or the principals, norm, and standards of conduct governing a group or individual.” On the other hand, three ethical criteria determined in this discussion like obligation, moral ideas, and consequences which this article highlights an ethical dilemma with automobiles makers.
Last Sunday, the company’s then CEO, Martin Winterkorn, issued a brief statement declaring that the Board of Management at Volkswagen AG “takes these findings very seriously.” The findings revealed that the automaker used “defeat devices” to fool emissions testing, effectively concealing the reality that certain cars spew emissions some 10 to 40 times the legal limit.
Kant invented the categorical imperative, which is a tool that can be used to understand whether certain maxims are rational, or not. Kant formulated the categorical imperative two different ways: the humanity formula and the universal formula. “Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law.” This is Kant universal formula, which one should use and think about before performing a certain action. It means that one should perform an action only if he or she believes that this particular action could be used as universal law. In other words only if he or she believes that we can leave safely in a world where everyone could repeat that same action. Dr. Arnold used the example of promises. If Tim makes promises to Ben but does not intend on keeping his promises. He should think about how the world will be if everyone makes promises that they don’t intend on keeping, after a certain time no one will ever believe promises