Decision making can be influenced by many factors. The way a person analyzes the problem can have an effect on his or her choice. Age can also influence a decision made based on experience of familiarity with the scenario. One should consider all the factors that are available in order to judge why someone made a certain decision. The way one frames a question has been noted to have effects on the decision of the participant.
The framing effect occurs when people react to choices differently depending on how the choice is presented to them. When the choice is presented as a loss, people tend not to react to such questions positively, but when they are presented as a gain, people will react positively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the framing effect is a perfect example of the cognitive bias process. Research shows that, in a positive frame, people will tend to avoid risk. In a negative frame, the effects will be directly opposite; people will tend to accommodate the risks associated with the questions (Levin, Schnittjer & Thee, 1988). The prospect theory shows that, in any case, the loss of any kind tends to be more significant that any gain of the same magnitude (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). In making a decision, surety is always favored over estimation. People will tend to accept a sure gain than a probabilistic gain. The opposite of that occurs when it comes to loss. A probabilistic loss is more preferred as compared to a definite loss.
Positive and negative frames do have a great impact on decision-making. Framing used on the question usually binds a decision maker. Therefore, the decision maker will make his or her choices depending on the framing option used. A good example of the framing effect in action is the int...
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... trying to find, versus a participant who had no clue about this effect. The participants who did not know about the framing effect made decisions based on the influence of the frames, but the participants who knew, probably were resistant towards the framing effect. The results found in the study were only significant for the positive frame, meaning people will choose an absolute gain over and absolute loss when the question is framed positively. There was no difference when the negative frame was used. People will not be inclined to an estimated gain nor and estimated loss when asked in a negative frame. There is an equal chance for people to choose either option instead of being risk seekers because of the negative frame. There are many factors that influence an individual to make a certain choice and the framing effect contributes to the decision making process.
Furthermore, the authors aim to unfold the scientific logic of their analysis of the effects of hidden biases so people will be “better able to achieve the alignment,” between their behavior and intentions (Banaji and Greenwald, 2013) preface
It is difficult to make life decisions when knowing that it is all up to you to make the right choice not knowing what the outcome is. In “Gregory” by Panos Ionannides, the soldier has to decide whether to follow the headquarters or his own instincts. Furthermore, in “Just Lather, That’s All” the barber also has to make a choice in a small amount of time, to either kill Torres or not. Moreover, he has no orders to kill Torres it was his own decision to kill someone. The protagonists in “Gregory” and “Just Lather, That’s All” both face moral dilemmas throughout the stories. In the short story “Gregory” by Panos Ionannides, the soldier decides to follow his ethics. In the story “Just Lather That’s All” by Hernando Tellez, the barber has chosen to go towards his morals. Both the soldier and the barber portray that they both need to make decisions that are wise.
The author talks about selecting alternatives and I think that is how she would incorporate my issue in her study. The term issuing framing makes me think of gun control. A frame is a boundary that cuts off parts of something from our view while focusing attention on other parts (Stone, 252). The way we think about problems is sensitive to the language to describe them. Stone believes that rational decisions should be based on the objective of consequences of actions. In terms of gun control people have their different feelings on gun control and its restrictions. I think that Stone would say that with my issue people have freedom and under the second amendment guns control is
Decision making theories and models largely derive from the fields of psychology and economics. The Lens Model (Brunswik, 1952) was a conceptual design, sparking a plethora of literature outlining subsequent models and theories on judgements and decision making. Brunswik set out that an individual uses fallible ‘cues’ from their environment while trying to be as empirically accurate as possible in making judgements. Hammond (1967), an architect of modern decision making theory built on this conceptual model with his Cognitive Continuum Theory (CCT), which looks at the combination of an individual’s cognitive ability and their use of situational ‘cues’ when making a decision (Hammond et al, 1967; & Hammond, 2000). CCT works on the notion that decision making is based on a certain systematic process: the analysis
In persuasion, the Mere Exposure Theory, the Dissonance Theory, and the Social Judgment Theory are used. Each of these theories of persuasion explains why it works or does not work in any specific setting. Depending on the theory, certain means of applying these theories can be successful or unsuccessful. The Mere Exposure Theory of persuasion states that people will be persuaded simply by repeated exposure. (G.Magee,
This paper explores the legal, ethical and moral issues of three healthcare colleagues by applying the D-E-C-I-D-E model as a foundation of decision making as found in Thompson, Melia, and Boyd (2006). Issues explored will be those of the actions of registered nurse (RN) John, his fiancé and also registered nurse (RN) Jane and the Director of Nursing (DON) Ms Day. Specific areas for discussion include the five moral frameworks, autonomy, beneficence, Non – maleficence, justice and veracity in relation with each person involved as supported by Arnold and Boggs (2013) and McPherson (2011). An identification and review of the breached code of ethics and the breached code of conduct in reference with the Nursing, Council, and Federation (2008) will be addressed. Lastly a brief discussion on how the three schools of thought deontology, teleology and virtue had effects on each colleague (McPherson, 2011) .
Cognitive dissonance is a communication theory mostly used in the field of social psychology in providing a theoretical framework in dealing with various issues relating to psychology. The title provides us with the concept that cognitive is thinking while dissonance is the inconsistency or conflict brought about. Cognitive dissonance manifests when one holds two or more incompatible beliefs simultaneously. This theory has been used and applied in several disciplines including communication, due to its simplicity and straightforwardness. The theory is commonly applied in these dynamic fields since it replaces previous conditioning or reinforcement theories by viewing individuals as more purposeful decision makers striving to acquire a balance in their beliefs. Cognitions are chunks or bits of knowledge which can pertain to any variety of values, emotions or values. These cognations can be related to one another or they can also be completely independent from each other (Cooper, 06). For instance, one may like to eat junk food, but may also be trying to lose weight. The two cognitions are related to each other in tha...
In United States politics, it is evident that media helps persuade or dissuade peoples’ perceptions of those who run for public offices. Traditionally, news media cohere to a baseline ideology or platform and cover news, politics, and stories by the beliefs of the chosen ideology. For instance, a very liberal news outlet could characterize a story about Bernie Sanders in a very appealing fashion while a very conservative news outlet could cover the same information negatively. Framing is how media and other groups organize and perceive events in daily society. Framing is an important tool that is used to bring people to a common similarity and ideology. Liberal and conservative news stations use framing to daily, either promoting the candidate
The author from article 1 points out very strong point regarding how certainty transforms persuasion. However, there are some limitations to these strategies when implementing them in real life. Also when repetition is used too much it can have an adverse impact and can even lead strong disagreement. Similarly, the defense can go either way if they felt the slightest of doubt.
In the most advantageous of cases this model suggests that a receiver “considers the content of the persuasive message carefully and has favorable thoughts about the content” (Enfante, Rancer & Avtgis, 2010, p. 172). When receivers engage in cognitive thinking, they participate in the type of persuasion the authors call the “central route” (Enfante, Rancer & Avtgis, 2010, p. 172). Under the central route, the receiver employs positive feelings towards whatever the source is saying and then in turn acts or forms attitudes based off of the positive thoughts. Thus they interact thoughtfully with the information the source is attempting to get across.
This paper focuses on laying out the core tenants of framing and framing effects, and begins with an explication of key framing concepts. After this, the heuristic-systematic model is explored as a possible candidate for explaining when the effects of framing occur, and an updated model of framing effects is presented which takes these additions into consideration. The implications and limitations of this approac...
The way choices are framed impacts the way they are perceived and decided upon. Tversky and Kahneman (1981) suggested that choice between a "certain" and a risky option of equal expected value is affected by option phrasing, a phenomenon known as the framing effect. The framing effect is an example of a psychological terms called cognitive bias, in which people respond to differently to a choice depending on how it is presented; i.e. as a gain or as a loss. When a positive frame is presented, people tend to avoid the risky option, selecting the “certain” option as opposed to when a negative frame is presented, people tend to select the risker option. Gain and loss are defined in scenarios as descriptions of outcomes (i.e. lives lost or saved
Prospect theory is a descriptive model concerning the issue of decision making under risk. The theory stated that people tend to made decision by examining the potential gain and loss comparing to reference point and exhibit certain kinds of heuristics and biases in this process such as certainty effect, reflection effect, probabilistic insurance and isolation effect. It also divided choice process into editing phases and the subsequent phase of evaluation, which were modified to framing and valuation phases in the later version (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979, Tversky and Kahneman, 1992).
An employee does an unsatisfactory job on an assigned project. Explain the attribution process that this person's manager will use to form judgments about this employee's job performance.
...r attention on selected issues on which the public will form opinions on (McCombs). Framing is an important factor by allowing the media to select certain aspects about the problem and then make them appear more important in the text, which results in enhancing the meaning or interpretation of the situation (Scheufele). Last, but not least, priming also played an important role in shaping public opinion. Priming works as the media repeatedly exposed certain issues in the public viewers. The more exposure an issue gets, the more likely an individual will recall or retain the information in their minds. With these three factors played out systemically the media, our opinions are constantly being influence and shape by them. As quoted by Walter Lippman, “what we know about the world is largely based on what the media decide to tell us” (McCombs).