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Essay about infanticide research
Essay about infanticide research
Theories behind cultural infanticide
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The early modern period mark a surge of European interest in cases of new-born murder. The 16th Century saw infanticide becoming an object of intense literacy, anthropological, and scientific curiosity.
The idea of the monstrous woman highlighted and exposed the fragility, insecurities, convictions, fears, and desires that haunted cultures. The monstrous woman would haunt the imaginations of Europeans.
Links between the notions of the monstrous woman and female sexuality.
The ideas behind the monstrous women were often linked with female sexuality. Common examples of the links assigned to female sexuality include vagina, womb, and menstrual charge. These links assigned to female sexuality were deemed as "contagiously impure".
Public fascination
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with the monstrous woman enabled societies to draw distinctions between the natural and unnatural woman. The natural woman was the image of women who accepted their domestic and material duties. The unnatural woman would attribute the traits of a monstrous woman. Infanticide was a symbol of vile and utter despair. Within society, infanticide was linked to hunger, war, poverty, and lunacy. The consumption of one's children. The act of eating a child was seen as the ultimate perversion. The eating of child is the opposite of giving birth. The act of infanticide was commonly linked to the actions of witchcraft and sacrifice.
The poor and unwed women were most commonly effected and accused of infanticide and witchcraft. The poor and unwed would also be the target of laws against infanticide.
The fascination and interest of infanticide helped define notions of civilization. Through stories of infanticide, society could draw distinctions between the natural and unnatural woman.
Men were considered the patriarchal head of society. It was believed that without male control, women would turn monstrous.
With the climb in popularity and public interest, infanticide became a topic of debate. With infanticide becoming an object of intense literacy and debate, it was a target for new laws and prosecutions throughout Europe.
The people most commonly effected by the new laws regarding infanticide were poor and unwed women.
During the 16th, 17th, and 18th century, new laws came to be regarding infanticide. These new laws were aimed at discovering and convicting cases of new-born murder.
The 1532 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina was one of the first new laws created to punish infanticide. Women who concealed pregnancy in the event of a child's death was to be presumed as guilty. A woman found guilty of infanticide was to be put to death. England would soon follows these laws under the 1624 English Infanticide
Act. These laws targeted and most commonly effected young and unmarried women. These laws would effect women by restricting residential and working possibilities. It is believed that these laws were created to fight extramarital intercourse and its resulting product through criminalization.
As external onlookers, we are influenced by contextual knowledge of what this “perfectly normal baby” achieves when he grows up. Through confessional dialogue, we discover the father’s disappointment of his small and weak child as he questions “why can’t they be better specimens” contrasted to the mother’s desperation for her “strong and healthy” child to live. As we progress though this 1st person reflective narrative, we are pulled into the conundrum of what we believe the baby’s fate should be; on one side he is a child – an innocent baby and on the other side he is a dictator deciding life and death of millions of people.
Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood by Kristen Luker, analyzes the historical and complex sociology of abortion. Luker focuses on three important factors: a historical overview of abortion, the pro-life and pro-choice views, and the direction the abortion debates are going (11, Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood p. 000). Abortion has always been seen as murder and with the idea that those who are already living have more rights. Back in the days, the laws didn’t give fetus personhood. Also, the laws against abortions weren’t strictly enforced upon anyone. In addition, abortion didn’t seem to be a huge problem, which explains why abortion was ignored in the past.
The Queen vs. Davis case concerns the murder trial of Arthur Paul Davis and Alice Davis that occurred in 1875. In it, they were tried and convicted of murder for conducting an abortion; the killing of a fetus and subsequently causing death of the victims, Catherine Laing and Jane Vaughn Gilmour. This essay will examine the historical context of the case, what the trial reveals about the nature of women’s lives in Toronto during the 1870s as subordinate women who are deemed as caretakers and how women managed to end unwanted pregnancies. During the late 19th century ending an unwanted pregnancy was an illegal offence because it was considered unethical to kill a fetus. Women were not able to access safer alternatives such as contraception, as it was an offence to sell or advertise them at that time. Women did not claim they wanted an abortion directly, but rather that they wanted to be fixed of their problem. They did not feel guilty as they thought it was acceptable to induce abortion before the 3rd month of pregnancy or quickening of it, which under the English common law, it was not wrongful to procure an abortion prior to the feeling any movement of the fetus. Doing an Abortion was a private matter but nonetheless a criminal offence. Beginning in the early 19th century, laws were passed to support the prohibition of abortions; these then continued on to the revision and creation of the 1892 criminal code for abortion.
During the nineteenth century laws and public opinion started to change. In 1803, there was the first English Act outlawing abortions. In cases where there was an abortion performed after the quickening, the penalty was death. If the procedure was done before the quickening then the punishment was fourteen years of imprisonment. By 1860 abortions were prohibited in almost all of the states.
America is no stranger for juveniles being tried as adults. The first known case being in 1642; Thomas Granger, 16, who had sex with a mare, cow and some goats was hanged in Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts.1 He was America's first documented execution of a child offender and the debut of the juvenile death penalty.1 The youngest girl to be executed was 12-year-old Hannah Ocuish who was hanged for killing a 6-year-old white child in 1786.1 Finally, James Echols, was the last execution in 1964 who was executed for rape two years later at the age of 19.1
There was a time (not so long ago) when a man's superiority and authority wasn't a question, but an accepted truth. In the two short stories, "Desiree's Baby", and "The Yellow Wallpaper", women are portrayed as weak creatures of vanity with shallow or absent personalities, who are dependent on men for their livelihood, and even their sanity. Without men, these women were absolutely helpless and useless. Their very existence hinged on absolute and unquestioning submission…alone, a woman is nothing.
Anne Llewellyn Barstow finds that there was a disproportionate amount of women who were accused of Witchcraft in Western Europe between 1400 and 1650. Barstow moves on to point out through the text that these Women were victims of Misogyny due to the definition of Witchcraft being so broad and actually fitting the descriptions of the lives of many women. The patriarchal society of Europe at the time also bound women to lives of a lesser class if they were not living under the protection of men. Women were also seen as sex objects, and were seen as a threat to men who viewed women as untrustworthy and whorish. The findings of her research and views led Barstow to find that women were more likely to be accused and put to death for Witchcraft than men, as they were seen as minors before the courts and could not hold high positions but, they could be accused before the court for the heinous act of Witchery. Women were blamed for every malfunction of their reproductive systems, including stillbirth and were also blamed for preventing conception. Barstow believes that the first ever accounts of Witchcraft prosecution rose in the fifteenth century Europe as a means to control women’s sexual and reproductive lives. Barstow states, that in the English county of Essex, an amazing 92 percent of those accused of Witchcraft were women. The author proves that authors of the day do not concentrate on Women as the victims. In fact Women’s issues were merely brushed o...
Men and women were seen to live in separate social class from the men where women were considered not only physically weaker, but morally superior to men. This meant that women were the best suited for the domestic role of keeping the house. Women were not allowed in the public circle and forbidden to be involved with politics and economic affairs as the men made all the
This proposes a problem entangled with another; if we do decide to carry out death sentences, what is the minimum age limit? Can we electrocute, lethally inject, or gas any one who commits a crime that is considered capital? In this paper the issue of capital punishment for juveniles will be discussed, basically laying out a comprehensive look at the matter. First we will briefly look at the history of both juvenile justice and the history of the death penalty in regards to juveniles.
They were unfit of any responsibility other than being a wife and mother to their children due to the traditional gender roles present in the patriarchal society of the time. “Gender Roles and Relations” from Encyclopedia of American Social History, stated that “...Gender roles, assume that men and women should, even must act differently, according to rules appropriate to their gender alone”. These gender roles from the 20th century separated men from women on the basis of superiority and abilities. Men had the idea that they were to control their families by being the head of their house, that they were to take care of all the so called “manly” duties, and lastly that they were to control their wives as well. Men believed they had the ability to control what a woman did to her body, and in that sense, when it came down to the birth control debate, men chose to further the acceptance of the idea of another item being able to control a woman. The religious aspect, along with the male superiority aspect attributed to this feeling of most men during the
From the beginning of time in history, women have always been portrayed as and seen as the submissive sex. Women especially during the time period of the 1800s were characterized as passive, disposable, and serving an utilitarian function. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a prime example displaying the depiction of women. The women in Frankenstein represent the treatment of women in the early 1800’s. Shelley’s incorporation of suffering and death of her female characters portrays that in the 1800’s it was acceptable. The women in the novel are treated as property and have minimal rights in comparison to the male characters. The feminist critic would find that in Frankenstein the women characters are treated like second class citizens. The three brutal murders of the innocent women are gothic elements which illustrates that women are inferior in the novel. Mary Shelley, through her novel Frankenstein, was able to give the reader a good sense of women’s role as the submissive sex, through the characters experiences of horrific events including but not limited to brutal murder and degradation, which is illuminated by her personal life experiences and time period of romanticism.
Before 1820 abortion was legal and practiced, despite the fact that it was a dangerous procedure and more often than not resulted in the death of the mother. it wasn't until after 1821 that abortion started to become regulated and laws were set in place (lewis 2011). in 1879 the first law to be set up was in Connecticut, it was targeted towards merchants that sold poisons to cause miscarriages and drugs to prevent pregnancy and banned the use of the products. By the late 1800s even though abortion was illegal in most states it was still done under the table. Most people didn't get persecuted for illegally performing an abortion, mostly because of a lack of proof that the abortion was performed. the fetus was often disposed of and without it there was no proof of an abortion. most of the time the only way an abortionist could be convicted was if the woman was injured or died during the procedure, other than that it was next to impossible for someone to be convicted (Macadam 2001). in 1967 colorado and callifornia became the first states to legalize abortion, and in 1973 the supreme court made abortion legal across the united states (McBride 2006).
Men were the ones in the family who worked and provided for his family's wellbeing. Because of the family's economic dependence on the husband, he had control over all of his family members. This showed the amount of progress needing to come in the future to allow women to start receiving some of the many rights they deserved which men had and so frequently took for granted.
Before the end of the 19th century, many areas of the Western world looked at infant and child mortality as a normal occurrence. As many as 15-20 per cent of children died within their first year of life. Much of this was attributed to the lack of education of parents. They did not know about proper nutritional requirements for infants. Healthcare was also not very advanced and as a result, many of the illnesses that infants are prone to today were not treated effectively in the 19th century. Parenting itself was not taken very seriously during that time period. The notion of giving infants attention and care was not popular, and it is a well-known fact that infants require a lot of care in order to develop properly and in some cases, survive. There were some parents who were not directly involved in caring for their children until after they were a year old.
The gendering of the grotesque as female is an integral part of the phallogocentric discourse which naturalizes the bond between the female and the grotesque in order to subjugate women to surveillance and discipline. According to Peter Stallybrass in his essay “Patriarchal Territories: The Body Enclosed,” the patriarchal society has long been conceived of female body as “naturally grotesque” to better exercise “constant surveillance” upon (126). This categorization that basically serves the patriarchal system of binarism dependent on the polar, dichotomous opposites of male/female, angel/monster and self/other consolidates the otherization and monsterization of the female body vis-à-vis the male body. Indeed, the classificatory system of the dominant discourse strives to identify woman as either outside or inside the boundaries of