Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Cognitive effects of racism
1. the effects of stereotype threat
Effects of prejudice on people
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Cognitive effects of racism
Inconsistent and Consistent Information in the Psychology of Stereotypical Behavior.
The theoretical and practical implications of inconsistent and consistent information in the Psychology of Stereotypical Behavior differentiates in two ways. With consistent information, a group is known for certain behaviors (negative or positive), and the subject who is analyzing the behavior may lose interest since the known behavior is consistent with the stereotype. However, when a group shows inconsistencies of the perceived stereotypical behaviors, then the analyzer will question the inconsistencies, and give specific attention to the group.
Case Study
Practical Consistent Behavior
Recently, the media produced audio files of stereotypical, racist, discriminatory and defamatory statements from Donald Sterling, who is the owner of the Los Angeles Clippers. Though given the benefit of the doubt, the term “racist” stuck in the minds of the media audience, thereby, labeling Sterling as a racist before personally meeting Sterling. However, as days and weeks passed, Sterling’s consistent behavior on camera showed proof of racism. In analyzing Sterling after the release of the first audio file, the author’s attention concentrated on Sterling’s words, which in-so-doing, according to Schneider (2004), revealed Sterling’s character and behaviors (124). The media, according to Macrae, Stangor, and Milne (1994), “primed stereotypes by having subjects [i.e., the media audience] lists traits relevant to stereotype” (as cited in Schneider, 2004, p. 124). Therefore, the author used categories under gender (white male), race (Jewish) and an active schema under (racist). The audio file was the root of the “perceptually degrading words that were relate...
... middle of paper ...
... would continue to monitor and analyze while paying “additional attention to the behavior” (125). The above aforementioned examples confirms Schneider’s hypothesis Inconsistent and Consistent Information in the Psychology of Stereotypical Behavior.
Works Cited
Hilton, J. L., Klein, J.G., & von Hippel, W. (1991). Attention Allocation and Impressional Formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 548-559.
Macrae, C.N., Stangor, C., & Milne, A.B. (1994). Activating Stereotpes: A Functional Analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 370-389.
Schneider, D. J. (2004). The Psychology of Stereotyping. New York: The Guilford Press.
Stern, L. D., Marrs, S., Millar, M.G. & Cole, E. (1984). Processing Time and th Recall of Inconsistent and Consistent Behviors of Individuals and Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 253-262.
Numerous research and investigations were conducted on the topic of stereotype threat. In the articles connected to this paper, experiments were performed to see how stereotype threat affected test results. During tests some participants were exposed to variables that activated a negative stereotype while others were not. Those exposed to the negative stereotype had lower results. Therefore stereotype threat resulted in weaker performance. It is proven the threat exists but so...
American Psychological Association. (2001) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed). Washington, DC: McLaughlin & Reinking
Myers, David G. “Chapter 14: Social Psychology.” Psychology. 10th ed. New York, NY US: Worth
Toni Morrison’s short story “Recitatif” deals with the reader's perspective on stereotypes. It allows the reader’s mind to be creative and question who is the African American women and who is the Caucasian women. The short fiction is based on two main characters; Roberta and Twyla. Neither women’s race is discussed in the story but they are, in fact, different. The setting took place in St. Bonny's shelter where both had no other choice but to be placed together. Roberta and Twyla were not fully considered “orphans” because their parents were not dead; one was sick and one was a dancer. Being that they are not actual orphans, many of the others did not want to hangout with them. “Recitatif” was also filled with stereotypical references to
Bibliography 3rd edition Psychology (Bernstein-Stewart, Roy, Srull, & Wickens) Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, Massachusetts 1994
Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub.
Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2012). Psychology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Davis, S. F., & Palladino, J. J. (2003). Psychology. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Journal of personality and social psychology and. Retrieved from http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~broberts/Hazan & Shaver, 1987.pdf
Gall, S. B., Beins, B., & Feldman, A. (2001). The gale encyclopedia of psychology. (2nd ed., pp. 271-273). Detroit, MI: Gale Group.
Fiske, S. (1989). Examining the role of intent: Toward understanding its role in stereotyping and
Hewstone, M. Fincham, F. and Foster, J (2005). Psychology. Oxford: The British Psychological Society, and Blackwell Publishing. P3-23.
Simon, J. R. (1969). Reactions towards the source of stimulation. Journal of experimental Psychology, 81, 174-176 .
Edited by Raymond J. Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Second Edition, Volume 3. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Cognitive psychology on the categorization process highlights the explanation for why stereotyping occurs. According to Michigan State University, "People like to, want to, need to categorize the world, both the social and physical world, into preferably neat little groups." [slide 3] This means that people stereotype not because they a rude, but because it is a natural need. By applying all of the group information to all of its members, categorization eventually saves processing time. Stereotyping also satisfies the need to understand and predict the social world. A stereotype contains a general glance at what someone is going to do. By applying a stereotype to a person, a guess can be made on what that person is like. This can lead to either the befriending or dismissing of an individual. As a society that has a constant need to belong, stereotyping can make one feel better about himself. Grouping oneself into a stereotype can make one feel like a part of a whole, a necessary example of a group. Ingroup favorability bias is brought on by this concept. No matter how good or bad someone 's ideas are, there will always be someone who shares them. This extends to always thinking that the idea you hold true is better than someone else 's, which is the definition of ingroup favorability