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The concept of immortality through literature
Literature and immortality
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Nature is a prominent motif in both the tale of Inanna and Dumuzi and The Epic of Gilgamesh. It is used to represent both life and death in both pieces. However, whereas both texts also associate life with sexual intercourse, the former also associates death with change and the latter with immortality. It can be said that the two chose nature and sex for life as both are creators of life, nature vis-à-vis plants and sex vis-à-vis humans. Change and immortality are somewhat opposing, the former suggesting irregularity and the latter an unchanging state. The ways in which the themes of life and death are evoked demonstrates the different focusses of the pieces.
The tale of Inanna and Dumuzi associates life with nature and the act of sex. In the beginning of the text, Inanna plants a tree and watches it grow, demonstrating the life of nature. This link between nature and life is emphasized by later having a snake settle in “the roots of the tree” (p.40). The roots are the lifeline of the tree, demonstrating the life of nature. While having sex, Inanna and Dumuzi use words linked to agriculture, such as when Dumuzi “watered her womb” (p.49), as one would water plants, or when Inanna asks her husband to “plow [her] vulva” (p.47), as one would plow a field. There is a clear link established between sex and nature, and as
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In the beginning of the text, it is sais the “seeking life” (Tablet I) is associated with the “ocean”, “seas”, and “sun” (Tablet I), all elements of nature. From the start, life is connected to nature. Enkidu’s “six days and seven nights … [of] intercourse” (tablet I) represent life in collaboration with change; he is finding a new life by becoming a new being, a civilized human rather than a wild animal. Thus, change is associated with life through the act of sexual intercourse. Similarly to the story of Inanna, this text uses nature and sex, both creators of life, to evoke life as a
As a natural phenomena that occurs frequently yet is still not completely understood, death has confounded and, to a certain degree, fascinated all of humanity. Since the dawn of our species, people have tried to rationalize death by means of creating various religions and even attempted to conquer death, leading to great works of literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Cannibal Spell For King Unis. Considered one of the earliest great pieces of literature, the Epic of Gilgamesh tells an adventurous yet profound tale about the god-like king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, and his quest to find immortality. While his name now lives on through the Epic, Gilgamesh did not attain eternal life as the plant of immortality was stolen from him by a snake.
The main character in the book The Epic of Gilgamesh, is Gilgamesh himself. In the beginning of the book one realizes that Gilgamesh is an arrogant person. Gilgamesh is full of himself and abuses his rights as king. He has sexual intercourse with the virgins of his town and acts as though he is a god. Throughout the story, many things cause Gilgamesh to change. He gains a friend, he makes a name for himself by killing Humbaba, and he tries to become immortal because of the death of Enkidu. Through these main actions his personality changes and he becomes a better person.
“Gilgamesh was weeping bitterly for Enkidu, his friend, as he roamed the steppe.” (The Epic of Gilgamesh 72) Gilgamesh mourned his companion’s death excessively, making him want to leave the world he is so familiar with. This new realization and fear of dying prompts Gilgamesh to begin a lifestyle in the steppe where Enkidu was born in order to escape the harsh reality. Gilgamesh then allows his hair to grow matted and clothes himself with lion skin to forsake the refined world in order to find the immortal man by the name of Utanapishtim. Gilgamesh’s fear of death seems selfish for the fact that this fear only steamed from him not being able to have a rich life as he desired and the fault being death. Gilgamesh’s fear could not be necessarily death, but the fact that he cannot achieve the fame he so desperately wants, which fills his craving to seek out Utanapishtim. Certainly, there is no such thing as immortality, in which Utanapishtim relays to Gilgamesh, however there is a lotus plant that can rejuvenate age. However, a snake catches the scent of the lotus plant and eats it for itself. This event happening strikes me as significant for my belief that the snake is symbolic in more ways than one. The snake’s actions implies that death is inescapable and it will eventually happen to you. Furthermore, the snake’s actions are so vital that it teaches the lesson that you should make the most out of your life and that the quest Gilgamesh had to undergo was not about death, but the journey of life and having the will to
The manifestation of science itself as a disciple over the centuries and its clear fascination with the purpose of life and how we came to be and especially with the concept of immortality are strong resonances of Gilgamesh’s own struggles with life and death. This leads one to believe that Gilgamesh could indirectly be one of the causes of its creation. As Gilgamesh goes through his journey, his linear development can be seen. This is the way characters are developed into the plot of a Western text, hence improvement has a goal, development stops when the goal is reached whereas in an Eastern text it would be a cyclic development, and hence improvement is a never ending journey that has no limits. Gilgamesh himself and the whole epic is essentially about the idea of finding yourself and trying to overcome the realities of death, aging and life. As Western epics are written with linear methodology of problem, struggle, realization, a change of some sort and the glory of that hero idea in mind. When Gilgamesh is distraught at Enkidu’s death he promises that if he does not get to see Utnapishtim he will “roam the wilderness in my [his] grief”, this is ultimately how people of West handle themselves when faced with a situation that is less than pleasing and too morbid too handle in the time of grief.
Perhaps one of the main reasons the Epic of Gilgamesh is so popular and has lasted such a long time, is because it offers insight into the human concerns of people four thousand years ago, many of which are still relevant today. Some of these human concerns found in the book that are still applicable today include: the fear and concerns people have in relation to death, overwhelming desires to be immortal, and the impact a friendship has on a person’s life. It does not take a great deal of insight into The Epic of Gilgamesh for a person to locate these themes in the story, and even less introspection to relate to them.
There are many ancient Mesopotamian texts that follow a similar story and end in similar ways. ”The Descent of Inanna” and “The Epic of Gilgamesh” are both manuscripts that are similar in key details but at the same time contrast numerous times through out their adventures. Both texts take place around the same time and region of the world. The myth in modern times is known as “The Epic of Gilgamesh” was thought to be in early Mesopotamian times to be one of the great masterpieces of cuneiform literature. The clay tablet tells the tale of a powerful demi-god that tries to achieve immortality, embarks on ventures so people would remember his great feats. “The Descent of Inanna” narrates the story of an immortal queen who is well liked and travels
Every culture has a different story of their origin. Each story varies in setting, main characters, and religious aspects. Although the stories are different, the sole purpose is the same for each – to explain how each civilization came to be. In order for a civilization to fully understand their past, they must critically break down the components of their origin story. Creation stories establish appropriate relationships within society by the revelation of the punishment laid out by the gods on unsatisfactory vassals, the importance of a hero figure, and the exposure of human survival based on nature.
The fear of death and the search for eternal life is a cultural universal. The ideology surrounding immortality transcends time and a plethora of cultures. The theme, immortality appears in stories from the Epic of Gilgamesh, which was composed by ancient Sumerians roughly around 600 B.C., to present day works of fiction in the twenty first century. Gilgamesh, a figure of celestial stature, allows his mortal side to whittle away his power after the death of Enkidu. Undeniably, defenseless before the validity of his own end, he leaves Uruk and begins a quest for Utnapishtim; the mortal man who withstood the great deluge and was granted immortality by the gods (Freeman 36). The search for immortality is a universal concept that has presented itself many times throughout the world; it is a concept that stands in hearts of mankind; The Epic of Gilgamesh illustrates humanity’s innate desire to break free from the constraints of the civilized world, while at the same time trying to find the meaning of existence; a theme that that is perpetrated many times throughout the epic. With that being said, The Epic of Gilgamesh is a story that should not be simply viewed as a text that was written by ancient human civilization thousands of years ago; it should be viewed as a text that highlights humanity’s struggle to overcome the limitations of mortality, and the acceptance of death. This is a theme
Analysis of the Character of Gilgamesh In the epic Gilgamesh, there are many complex characters. Every character involved in the story has their own personality and traits. The main character in the novel is Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is a character who is very self-confident.
“You will never find that life for which you are looking. When the gods created man they allotted him death, but life they retained in their own keeping,” Siduri talking to Gilgamesh. (Gilgamesh 4). The epic of Gilgamesh has an abundance of parallels to the trial and tribulations of any human life. Gilgamesh’s story is humanities story of life, death, and realization. The awaking of Gilgamesh from a childish and secure reality connects my own life experiences to the epic tale.
The king of Uruk, who lived around 2600 B.C.E, Gilgamesh, was one-third man and two-thirds god (Gilgamesh, 61). Known as present day Iraq, Mesopotamia was where the ancient sto-ry “The Epic of Gilgamesh” was originated. The story talked about Gilgamesh’s relationship be-tween his close companions. Meeting the immortal flood survivor and giving him eternal life was Gilgamesh's long journey. The Epic of Gilgamesh teaches about the Sumarian society.
Death and Immortality in The Epic of Gilgamesh The search for immortality has been a major concern for many men and women all throughout history. True love and immortality in life would be a dream come true to many. To spend time with a special someone, the person one feels closest to, and never have to say good-bye would greatly appeal to most people. But when death steps into the picture, even with all the pain and devastation, one starts to re-evaluate themselves. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh explores the possibility of immortality following the saddening death of his friend and brother, Enkidu.
The stories of the hunt for immortality gathered in the Epic of Gilgamesh depict the conflict felt in ancient Sumer. As urbanization swept Mesopotamia, the social status shifted from a nomadic hunting society to that of a static agricultural gathering society. In the midst of this ancient "renaissance", man found his relationship with the sacred uncertain and precarious. The Epic portrays the strife created between ontological nostalgia for a simpler time and the dawn of civilization breaking in the Near East. In this Epic, Gilgamesh is seen trying to achieve immortality through the methods of both the old and the new. His journeys through the sacred and the profane in many ways characterize the confusion arising from the unstable social climate. Therefore, the society, by writing the story of Gilgamesh, guarantees not only his immortality, but the immortality of the new order being established.
The theme of death being inevitable leads to another theme, similar to the first. This is that immortality is unachievable, shown through similar examples as the first theme. Gilgamesh realizes that immortality is not obtainable after his quest for it. He discovers that the quest was pointless, because he will die regardless of the steps to prevent his death in the future. "'Never has a mortal man done that, Gilgamesh'" (Tablet IX, Column III, 8). "'The fate of mankind overtook him... In fear of death I roam the wilderness...Me, shall I not lie down like him, never again to move?'" (Tablet X, Column II, 3, 8, 13-14). "'From the beginning, there is no permanence'" (Tablet X, Column VI, 32).
The focus upon immortality in Babylonian mythology has been explored by academics for many years and has become nearly ubiquitous when discussing this particular culture’s mythology. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a significant influence upon this field, as well as iconography shown within the built environment and in various pieces of Babylonian texts. There is an extensive amount of study in relation to this topic and is covered extensively within; At the Edge of the World: Cosmological Conceptions of the Eastern Horizon in Mesopotamia written by Christopher Woods, The Gilgamesh Complex: The Quest for Death Transcendence and the Killing of Animals by Jared Christman and The Concepts of Mortality and Immortality in Ancient Mesopotamia by Robert