During the World War II, the main issue of extreme importance was to maximize the efficiency of resources. The projects related to World War II required attention and obviously spread resources thin. Therefore, linear programming was developed to address this issue. Programming was used in military at that time to deal with activities such as planning schedules efficiently or optimizing the deploying of men. In 1947, George Dantzig, a U.S. Air Force member at that time, developed the Simplex optimization method. The aim was to provide an efficient algorithm for solving programming problems that had linear structures. Since then, the theory behind linear programming and its applications have been extensively developed by experts from a variety of fields, particularly mathematics and economics [49].
Linear programming’s development has been ranked among the most significant scientific achievements of the mid-20th century. Since 1950, its impact on society has been remarkable. Linear programming is nowadays regarded as a standard tool which has helped most companies or businesses
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Linear programming uses a mathematical model to describe the problem of concern. Linear programming is used in many practical applications, such as transportation, production planning, etc. It is also the building block for combinatorial optimization. One aspect of linear programming which is often forgotten is the fact that it is also a useful proof technique. A linear programming problem may be defined as the problem of maximizing or minimizing a linear function subject to linear constraints. The constraints may be equalities or inequalities. All linear programming problems have four main elements in common: decision variables, objective function, constraints and variable
Strategy depends on numerous analytical factors and some of these present challenges to planners. This essay will identify some of these challenges that strategists encountered during WWII. Moreover, it will present strategy as a fluid process requiring refinement throughout.
ADM offers Commanders and planning staff a tool for the conceptual component of an integrated planning process. The goal is to provide the commander with a cognitive tool that he can use to understand the logic of the system. Design is non-linear in thought and application. Its methodology clari¬fies guidance in the consideration of operational environment, and the current system is understood within existing limitations. The design team pro¬duces an environmental frame, an initial problem statement, and an initial theory of action. As the teams’ understanding increases and the nature of the problem begins to take form, the team explores in greater detail aspects of the environment that appear relevant to the problem. Here choices are made about boundaries and areas for possible inter¬vention. From this deeper understanding, the des...
Any company is unable to manufacture a 100%. Therefore, people should really focus on the constraints, in a way that it will prevent a failure that will damage the entire system. Bottlenecks are the key in every plant, because it will determine the activity that will create a profit and maximize the business output.
Kim, K. & Hon, I (2008). "Application of a hybrid genetic algorithm and neural netlabor approach in activity-based costing," Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 24(1), January, p.73-77
The solution found by planners to varied situations in practice very dependent on the certain criteria like social, economic, environmental, and political. The evaluation of a solution on these criteria defines the success of a solution.
US military achieved varied to questionable results in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Unfortunately, the complex adaptive nature of the operational environment and a dependence on medium structure problem framing prevented US policymakers and military leaders from observing and adjusting to the emergence of new conditions. The Army Design Methodology (ADM) is the US Army's response to complicated problems in an adaptive environment. What makes ADM such a valuable tool in preventing mission failure is the key concept of collaboration and dialogue. To understand why ADM is imperative to military planning, potential users must understand how impacts ill-structured problems have on planning and execution, examine the influence ADM can have
A description of the nature of the problem, including facts relating to such problem; and
To test the financial feasibility and plan acceptability, there must be information on the magnitude, and share of estimated project cost that are reimbursable. This information can be derived from cost allocation. Also where cost sharing is required in the multipurpose planning process cost allocation can be applied. Cost allocation also provides information necessary for allocating the real expenditures ensuring that the cost account are maintained in line with plan formulation and allocation principles during the subsequent c...
But there are many factors that limit the volume of output of a firm, such as market demand for the product, non-availability of a specific raw material, availability of labour hours and machine hours etc. These limiting factors are called ‘Key Factor’. In such situation it is not enough to compute the contribution but contribution for each unit of key factor is required to be calculated. The total contribution for the limiting factor must recover the fixed cost. Further contribution per limiting factor helps in the product-mix decision. In order to maximise profits that product which gives highest contribution per limiting factor should be produced to the maximum possible level keeping in mind the market demand and firm’s capacity to produce. The quantity of production of other products should be determined in the same
A company’s profit is affected by the amount of revenue it generates and the costs associated with production. When a company is deciding how much to produce, there are both short-run and long-run production periods. A short run is the current time span during which at least one fixed input must be paid whether or not any output is produced. A long run is a time period far enough into the future that all fixed inputs can be variable. Planning for the future involves looking at all possible situations which will maximize profit and minimize cost.
This is basically a problem where we can check an easy possible solution, but that does not mean that is the most optimal solution. In order to find the best solution to the problem all the possibilities have to be considered and calculated.
order to solve a given problem, we have to solve di erent parts of the problem
There is always risk while planning and executing military operations. Both JPP and operational design are used together as tools for the overall planning process. Commander’s use operational design as a repetitive process to help them answer the questions regarding ends, ways, means and risk. The staff supports the commander gain an understanding of the operational environment by defining the problem and developing the approach using operational design and the JPP. This continual process with further development and refinement leads to possible COAs where resources can be identified and turned into an order or executable plan (JP 5-0, IV-2). Comparing the COAs will assist the commander with their decision making by allowing them the ability
2. Increase accuracy in the product cost calculating. While using ABC, direct materials and direct labours can be classified into products, manufacturing overhead will be classified into homogeneous cost pool. Then, apportioned the manufacturing overhead into products according to reasonable distribution cost standard. The standard of cost allocation become more direct and specific leading to many traditional uncontrollable indirect cost change into controllable direct cost. And this provide more accurate information to cost control.
This framework is highlight on the cost management based on demand 40%, specification 40% and price 20% (see below).